The authors are grateful for comments from Pat Akey, Ian Appel, Susan Christoffersen, Alexander Dyck, Gianpaolo Parise, Melina Papoutsi, Stuart Turnbull, two anonymous referees, seminar participants at the University of Toronto, and participants at the American Finance Association and European Finance Association Meetings and the SFS Cavalcade. The analysis and conclusions are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board.