For their helpful suggestions, the authors thank seminar participants at the Columbia University, Northeastern University, Kansas University, Reichman University Israel, Kühne Logistics University, McGill University, University of South Florida, Marketing Dynamics Conference, and the 39th ISMS Marketing Science Conference. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Marketing Science Institute for the funding and feedback on report no. 19-105. The authors also thank MetrixLab and a major retailer for providing data used in this project.