Health and Economic Impacts of Lockdown Policies in the Early Stage of COVID-19 in the United States
References
- (2021) The immediate effect of COVID-19 policies on social-distancing behavior in the United States. Public Health Rep. 136(2):245–252.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) What policy makers need to know about COVID-19 protective immunity. The Lancet Online (April 27), https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30985-5/fulltext.Google Scholar
- American Journal of Managed Care (2021) A timeline of COVID-19 vaccine developments in 2021. Accessed April 25, 2022, https://www.ajmc.com/view/a-timeline-of-covid-19-vaccine-developments-in-2021.Google Scholar
- (2020) Growing data underscore that communities of color are being harder hit by COVID-19. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/growing-data-underscore-communities-color-harder-hit-covid-19/.Google Scholar
- (2021) Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118(15):e2019706118.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Controlling epidemic spread: Reducing economic losses with targeted closures. Management Sci. 68(5):3175–3195.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Rapid development of a decision support system to alleviate food insecurity at the Los Angeles regional food bank amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Production Oper. Management 30(10):3391–3407.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Self-isolation compliance in the COVID-19 era influenced by compensation: Findings from a recent survey in Israel. Health Affairs 39(6):936–941.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in US cities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104(18):7588–7593.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID-19. Sci. 371(6531):eabd9338.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Count the cost of disability caused by COVID-19. Accessed May 3, 2022, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01392-2?proof=t%3B.Google Scholar
- (1998) General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J. Comput. Graphical Statist. 7(4):434–455.Google Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CDC updates and shortens recommended isolation and quarantine period for general population. Accessed May 5, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1227-isolation-quarantine-guidance.html.Google Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Cases and deaths in the U.S. Accessed November 4, 2022, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcases-updates%2Fus-cases-deaths.html#cases_newcaserateper100k.Google Scholar
- (2020) Social connections with COVID-19-affected areas increase compliance with mobility restrictions. Sci. Adv. 6(47):eabc3054.Google Scholar
- (2021) Causal impact of masks, policies, behavior on early covid-19 pandemic in the US. J. Econometrics 220(1):23–62.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) When can we lift non-pharmaceutical interventions with the availability of COVID-19 vaccine in the United States? Health Services Res. 56(S2):78–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1995) Understanding the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Amer. Statist. 49(4):327–335.Google Scholar
- (2021) Fighting against COVID-19: What operations research can help and the sense-and-respond framework. Ann. Oper. Res. 1–17. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-021-03973-w.Google Scholar
- (2020) Strong social distancing measures in the United States reduced the COVID-19 growth rate. Health Affairs 39(7):1–8.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Cuebiq (2020) Shelter-in-place analysis. Accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.cuebiq.com/visitation-insights-sip-analysis/.Google Scholar
- (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus. JAMA 324(15):1495–1496.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) COVID-19 pandemic! Its impact on people, economy, and environment. J. Public Affairs 20(4):e2372.Google Scholar
- (2021) How do state policies shape experiences of household income shocks and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? Soc. Sci. Medicine 269:113557.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Healthcare Programmes (Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
- (2020) Willingness to pay for morbidity and mortality risk-reductions during an epidemic. Theory and preliminary evidence from COVID-19. Geneva Risk Insurance Rev. 45(2):114–133.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine. Quality Life Res. 30(5):1389–1405.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and COVID-19 unpivoted data. Accessed June 7, 2020, https://github.com/starschema/COVID-19-data.Google Scholar
- (2020) How coronavirus cases have risen since states reopened. The New York Times Online (July 9), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/09/us/coronavirus-cases-reopening-trends.html.Google Scholar
- (2020) Mortality rate and estimate of fraction of undiagnosed COVID-19 cases in the US in March and April 2020. Accessed June 5, 2020, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116095v1.Google Scholar
- (2020) Simulation-based estimation of the early spread of COVID-19 in Iran: Actual vs. confirmed cases. System Dynamics Rev. 36(1):101–129.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) COVID-19 in health-care workers: A living systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Amer. J. Epidemiology 190(1):161–175.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1995) Ventilator care beyond the intensive-care unit. Mayo Clinic Proc. 70(6):595–597.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) OM Forum—Pandemics/epidemics: Challenges and opportunities for operations management research. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 24(1):1–23.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020) COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic? The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Accessed July 15, 2020, https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/covid-19-what-proportion-are-asymptomatic/.Google Scholar
- The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2018) Population distribution by race/ethnicity. Accessed June 1, 2020, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-by-raceethnicity/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.Google Scholar
- (2020) Interdependence and the cost of uncoordinated responses to COVID-19. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117(33):19837–19843.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2020) COVID-19 estimate downloads. Accessed November 15, 2020, https://www.healthdata.org/covid/data-downloads.Google Scholar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation COVID-19 Forecasting Team (2021) Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States. Nature Medicine 27:94–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) OM Forum—COVID-19 scratch models to support local decisions. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 22(4):645–655.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020) Stay-at-home orders to fight COVID-19 in the United States: The risks of a scattershot approach. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/stay-at-home-orders-to-fight-covid19/.Google Scholar
- (2021) Resource allocation for different types of vaccines against COVID-19: Tradeoffs and synergies between efficacy and reach. Vaccine 39(47):6876–6882.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Health vs. wealth? Public health policies and the economy during covid-19. NBER Working Paper No. w27099, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- (2022) Projecting COVID-19 mortality as states relax nonpharmacologic interventions. JAMA Health Forum 3(4):e220760.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Community use of face masks and COVID-19: Evidence from a natural experiment of state mandates in the US. Health Affairs 39(8):1–7.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)—A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Medical Virology 94(1):253–262.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Mayo Clinic (2020) COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms? Accessed December 25, 2020, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301.Google Scholar
- (1999) The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: Priorities for intervention. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5(5):659–671.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Modern Healthcare (2020) New laboratory tests find some discharged COVID patients still test positive. Accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.modernhealthcare.com/clinical/new-lab-tests-find-some-discharged-covid-patients-still-test-positive.Google Scholar
- (2022) Service design to balance waiting time and infection risk: An application for elections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Service Sci. 14(2):90–109.Link, Google Scholar
- (2021) Association of simulated COVID-19 vaccination and nonpharmaceutical interventions with infections, hospitalizations, and mortality. JAMA Network Open 4(6):e2110782.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Progression of COVID-19 from urban to rural areas in the United States: A spatiotemporal analysis of prevalence rates. J. Rural Health 36(4):591–601.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) The impact of changes in diagnostic testing practices on estimates of COVID-19 transmission in the United States. Amer. J. Epidemiology 190(9):1908–1917.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Enhancing long-term forecasting: Learning from COVID-19 models. PLOS Comput. Biol. 18(5):e1010100.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research COVID-19 US State Policy Database. Accessed June 20, 2021, https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/119446/version/V111/view;jsessionid=6B7F5314C0F70A4101459ED341072AD0.Google Scholar
- RAND Corporation (2020) Reopening America—The health and economic trade-offs: Q&A with RAND experts. Accessed July 5, 2020, https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/05/reopening-america-the-health-and-economic-tradeoffs.html.Google Scholar
- (2021) Measuring the COVID-19 mortality burden in the United States: A microsimulation study. Ann. Internal Medicine 174(12):1700–1709.Crossref, Google Scholar
- Reuters (2020) California’s new lockdown dims outlook for U.S. growth in pandemic. Reuters Online (July 13), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-california-economy/californias-new-lockdown-dims-outlook-for-u-s-growth-in-pandemic-idUSKCN24E31R.Google Scholar
- (2015) The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Accessed October 5, 2022, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.01896.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2020) COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities in health risk, employment, and household composition. Health Affairs 39(9):1–6.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Supplying masks to combat respiratory diseases: Safety index, welfare and government involvement. Internat. J. Production Res. 1–17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207543.2021.1943036.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) The economic impact of COVID-19. University of Oxford Accessed July 5, 2020, https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/article/2020-04-07-the-economic-impact-of-covid-19.Google Scholar
- (2020) Poor Americans hit hardest by job losses amid lockdowns, Fed says. The New York Times Online (May 14), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/business/economy/coronavirus-jobless-unemployment.html.Google Scholar
- (2020) False-positive COVID-19 results: Hidden problems and costs. Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8(12):1167–1168.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2021) Poisson distribution—Maximum likelihood estimation. Lectures on probability theory and mathematical statistics. Kindle Direct Publishing. Accessed October 17, 2022, https://www.statlect.com/fundamentals-of-statistics/Poisson-distribution-maximum-likelihood.Google Scholar
- (2020) How is each state responding to COVID-19? NPR Online (December 4), https://www.npr.org/2020/03/12/815200313/what-governors-are-doing-to-tackle-spreading-coronavirus.Google Scholar
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2021) Guidance on “long COVID” as a disability under the ADA, section 504, and section 1557. Accessed November 17, 2022, https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-providers/civil-rights-covid19/guidance-long-covid-disability/index.html#footnote10_0ac8mdc.Google Scholar
- (2018) A simple introduction to Markov chain Monte–Carlo sampling. Psychonomic Bull. Rev. 25(1):143–154.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Interpreting a covid-19 test result. BMJ 369:m1808.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) US policies increase vulnerability of immigrant communities to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann. Global Health 86(1):57.Crossref, Google Scholar
- The World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 73. Accessed July 1, 2020, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf.Google Scholar
- The World Health Organization (2022) 14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. Accessed May 27, 2022, https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2022-14.9-million-excess-deaths-were-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-2020-and-2021.Google Scholar
- (2022) Quality-adjusted life-years lost due to COVID-19 mortality: Methods and application for The Netherlands. Value Health 25(5):731–735.Crossref, Google Scholar
- News NBC (2020) Stay-at-home orders across the country. What each state is doing—or not doing—amid widespread coronavirus lockdowns. NBC News Online (March 25), https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/here-are-stay-home-orders-across-country-n1168736.Google Scholar
- (2013) ICU occupancy and mechanical ventilator use in the United States. Critical Care Medicine 41(12):2712–2719.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) Lives saved and lost in the first six month of the US COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cost-benefit analysis. PLoS One 17(1):e0261759.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2022) The impact of testing capacity and compliance with isolation on Covid-19: A mathematical modeling study. AJPM Focus 1(1):100006.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2020) Effects of state COVID-19 closure policy on non-COVID-19 healthcare utilization. NBER Working Paper No. w27621, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

