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- Received:September 23, 2024
- Accepted:April 13, 2026
- Published Online:May 12, 2026
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The authors thank Arthur Campbell, Yongmin Chen, Jay Pil Choi, Catherine de Fontenay, Florian Ederer, Nisvan Erkal, Simon Loertscher, Jose Luis Moraga, Lijun Pan, Martin Peitz, Emanuele Tarantino, Jun Xiao, and participants at the 2021 Competition Policy Challenges in the Digital Era Conference, the 2022 Asia-Pacific Industrial Organisation Conference, the 2022 Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory Annual Conference, and seminars at Durham University, Monash University, Nanjing University, Nanjing Normal University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Southeast University, UNSW Sydney, University of Melbourne, and Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University for providing insightful comments. Alistair Cameron provided superb research assistance.
