Who’s Cheating? Mining Patterns of Collusion from Text and Events in Online Exams

References

• Alessio H, Maurer K (2018) The impact of video proctoring in online courses. J. Excellence College Teaching 29(3-4):183–192.Google Scholar
• Appiah KA (2020) If my classmates are going to cheat on an online exam, why can’t I? Accessed March 23, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/magazine/if-my-classmates-are-going-to-cheat-on-an-online-exam-why-cant-i.html.Google Scholar
• Atoum Y, Chen L, Liu AX, Hsu SD, Liu X (2017) Automated online exam proctoring. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 19(7):1609–1624.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bengtsson L (2019) Take-home exams in higher education: A systematic review. Ed. Sci. (Basel) 9(4):267.Google Scholar
• Bird S, Loper E, Klein E (2009) Natural Language Processing with Python (O’Reilly Media Inc., Sebastopol, CA).Google Scholar
• Cluskey G Jr, Ehlen CR, Raiborn MH (2011) Thwarting online exam cheating without proctor supervision. J. Acad. Bus. Ethics 4(1):1–7.Google Scholar
• Dicks AP, Morra B, Quinlan KB (2020) Lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis: Adjusting assessment approaches within introductory organic courses. J. Chemical Ed. 97(9):3406–3412.Crossref, Google Scholar
• D’Souza KA, Siegfeldt DV (2017) A conceptual framework for detecting cheating in online and take-home exams. Decision Sci. J. Innovative Ed. 15(4):370–391.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fask A, Englander F, Wang Z (2014) Do online exams facilitate cheating? An experiment designed to separate possible cheating from the effect of the online test taking environment. J. Acad. Ethics 12(2):101–112.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Folt`ynek T, Meuschke N, Gipp B (2019) Academic plagiarism detection: A systematic literature review. ACM Comput. Surveys 52(6):1–42.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frentix GmbH (2020) OpenOlat. Accessed March 23, 2021, https://www.openolat.com.Google Scholar
• Gino F, Krupka EL, Weber RA (2013) License to cheat: Voluntary regulation and ethical behavior. Management Sci. 59(10):2187–2203.Link, Google Scholar
• Goldberg D (2021) Programming in a pandemic: Attaining academic integrity in online coding courses. Comm. Assoc. Inform. Systems 48(1):47–54.Google Scholar
• Grimmer J, Stewart BM (2013) Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political Anal. 21(3):267–297.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harmon OR, Lambrinos J (2008) Are online exams an invitation to cheat? J. Econom. Ed. 39(2):116–125.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harton HC, Aladia S, Gordon A (2019) Faculty and student perceptions of cheating in online vs. traditional classes. Online J. Distance Learn. Admin. 22(4):n4.Google Scholar
• Hollister KK, Berenson ML (2009) Proctored vs. unproctored online exams: Studying the impact of exam environment on student performance. Decision Sci. J. Innovative Ed. 7(1):271–294.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hussein MJ, Yusuf J, Deb AS, Fong L, Naidu S (2020) An evaluation of online proctoring tools. Open Praxis 12(4):509–525.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ilgaz H, Adanir GA (2020) Providing online exams for online learners: Does it really matter for them? Ed. Inform. Tech. 25(2):1255–1269.Google Scholar
• Khare A, Lam H (2008) Assessing student achievement and progress with online examinations: Some pedagogical and technical issues. Internat. J. E-Learn. 7(3):383–402.Google Scholar
• Lau J, Hunt S, McKie A, Jeronimus B, Farnell A, Eichhorn K, Daly G (2020) Cheating allegations prompt South Korean online exam rethink. Accessed March 23, 2021, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/cheating-allegations-prompt-south-korean-online-exam-rethink.Google Scholar
• Lee D, Watson SL, Watson WR (2019) Systematic literature review on self-regulated learning in massive open online courses. Australasian J. Ed. Tech. 35(1):28–41.Google Scholar
• Lemantara J, Sunarto MD, Hariadi B, Sagirani T, Amelia T (2018) Prototype of online examination on MoLearn applications using text similarity to detect plagiarism. 2018 5th Internat. Conf. Inform. Tech. Comput. Electr. Engrg. (ICITACEE) (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 131–136.Google Scholar
• Leskovec J, Rajaraman A, Ullman JD (2019) Mining of massive datasets. Accessed March 23, 2021, http://infolab.stanford.edu/ullman/mmds/book0n.pdf.Google Scholar
• Manoharan S (2019) Cheat-resistant multiple-choice examinations using personalization. Comput. Ed. 130:139–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Manoharan S, Ye X (2020) On upholding academic integrity in online examinations. 2020 IEEE Conf. e-Learn., e-Management e-Services (IC3e) (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ), 33–37.Google Scholar
• McGee P (2013) Supporting academic honesty in online courses. J. Educators Online 10(1):1–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyer P (2020) Explaining media coverage on Constitutional Court decisions in Germany: The role of case characteristics. Political Comm. 38(4):426–446.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyer P (2021) Promoted media coverage of court decisions: Media gatekeeping of court press releases and the role of news values. Journalism Stud. 22(6):723–740.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miltenburg J (2019) Online teaching in a large, required, undergraduate management science course. INFORMS Trans. Ed. 19(2):89–104.Link, Google Scholar
• Mitra S, Beenen G (2019) A comparative study of learning styles and motivational factors in traditional and online sections of a business course. INFORMS Trans. Ed. 20(1):1–15.Link, Google Scholar
• Mullen L (2016) textreuse: Detect text reuse and document similarity. Accessed March 23, 2021, https://cran.r-project.org/package=textreuse.Google Scholar
• Muzaffar AW, Tahir M, Anwar MW, Chaudry Q, Mir SR, Rasheed Y (2021) A systematic review of online exams solutions in e-learning: Techniques, tools, and global adoption. IEEE Access 9:32689–32712.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Myyry L, Joutsenvirta T (2015) Open-book, open-web online examinations: Developing examination practices to support university students’ learning and self-efficacy. Active Learn. Higher Ed. 16(2):119–132.Crossref, Google Scholar
• NLTK.org (2020) Natural language toolkit. Version 3.5. Accessed March 23, 2021, https://www.nltk.org/.Google Scholar
• Scherrer CR (2011) Comparison of an introductory level undergraduate statistics course taught with traditional, hybrid, and online delivery methods. INFORMS Trans. Ed. 11(3):106–110.Link, Google Scholar
• Sharkey TC, Nurre SG (2016) Video tutorials within an undergraduate operations research course: Student perception on their integration and creating a blended learning environment. INFORMS Trans. Ed. 17(1):1–12.Link, Google Scholar
• Smith A (2021) Online cheating is the next hurdle for students and schools. Accessed March 23, 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/online-cheating-learning-students-schools-b1787289.html.Google Scholar
• Welbers K, Van Atteveldt W, Benoit K (2017) Text analysis in R. Comm. Methods Measures 11(4):245–265.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Welbers K, van Atteveldt W, Kleinnijenhuis J, Ruigrok N (2016) A gatekeeper among gatekeepers. Journalism Stud. 19(3):315–333.Crossref, Google Scholar