The Air War vs. the Ground Game: An Analysis of Multichannel Marketing in U.S. Presidential Elections
Published Online:16 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2020.1241
References
- (2010) Personal selling elasticities: A meta-analysis. J. Marketing Res. 47(5):840–853.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Ground game licked G.O.P. Denver Post (November 4), https://www.denverpost.com/2008/11/04/ground-game-licked-gop/.Google Scholar
- (2008) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1984) How advertising affects sales: Meta-analysis of econometric results. J. Marketing Res. 21(1):65–74.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1995) Automobile prices in market equilibrium. Econometrica 63(4):841–890.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1992) Forecasting the presidential vote in the states. Amer. J. Political Sci. 36(2):386–407.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1985) The Navy enlistment marketing experiment. Marketing Sci. 4(4):352–374.Link, Google Scholar
- (2013) The dynamic advertising effect of collegiate athletics. Marketing Sci. 32(5):679–698.Link, Google Scholar
- (2014) Relying on the ground game: The placement and effect of campaign field offices. Amer. Political Res. 42(3):529–548.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1954) Errors in variables. Rev. L’Institut Internat. Statistique 22(1/3):23–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1998) A spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising. Amer. J. Political Sci. 42(2):573–595.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) Variability in citizens’ reactions to different types of negative campaigns. Amer. J. Political Sci. 55(2):307–325.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000a) The effect of a nonpartisan get‐out‐the‐vote drive: An experimental study of leafletting. J. Politics 62(3):846–857.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000b) The effects of canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail on voter turnout: A field experiment. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 94(3):653–663.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2013) Advertising effects in presidential elections. Marketing Sci. 32(1):19–35.Link, Google Scholar
- (2016) Advertising competition in presidential elections. Quant. Marketing Econom. 14(1):1–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Presidential Advertising Combined File (The University of Wisconsin Advertising Project, The Department of Political Science at The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI).Google Scholar
- (2003) Getting out the vote in local elections: Results from six door-to-door canvassing experiments. J. Politics 65(4):1083–1096.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2018) Econometric Analysis, 8th ed. (Pearson, New York).Google Scholar
- (1982) Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica 50(4):1029–1054.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1978) Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica 46(6):1251–1271.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) The mobilization of core supporters: Campaigns, turnout, and electoral composition in United States presidential elections. Amer. J. Political Sci. 49(4):689–703.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2007) Identifying the persuasive effects of presidential advertising. Amer. J. Political Sci. 51(4):957–977.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2012) The most expensive election in history by the numbers. The Atlantic (November 6), https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/11/most-expensive-election-history-numbers/321728/.Google Scholar
- (2001) Misleading heuristics and moderated multiple regression models. J. Marketing Res. 38(1):100–109.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. J. Comm. 59(1):19–39.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) Negativity in the evaluation of political candidates. J. Marketing 69(1):131–142.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2008) Do televised presidential ads increase voter turnout? Evidence from a natural experiment. J. Politics 70(1):245–261.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2015) Targeting political advertising on television. Quart. J. Political Sci. 10(3):391–432.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2011) The seeds of negativity: Knowledge and money. Marketing Sci. 30(3):430–446.Link, Google Scholar
- (2020) Price discrimination in political advertising: Evidence from the 2012 U.S. presidential election. RAND J. Econom. Forthcoming.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) Did Obama’s ground game matter? The influence of local field offices during the 2008 presidential election. Public Opin. Quart. 73(5):1023–1039.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2000) A practitioner’s guide to estimation of random‐coefficients logit models of demand. J. Econom. Management Strategy. 9(4):513–548.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) Partisan mobilization campaigns in the field: Results from a statewide turnout experiment in Michigan. Political Res. Quart. 59(1):85–97.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2009) The political participation puzzle and marketing. J. Marketing Res. 46(6):798–815.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1999) The effect of TV ads and candidate appearances on statewide presidential votes, 1988-96. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 93(2):345–361.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1997) Instrument relevance in multivariate linear models: A simple measure. Rev. Econom. Statist. 79(2):348–352.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2005) Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression. Andrews DWK, Stock JH, eds. Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg (Cambridge University Press, New York), 80–108.Google Scholar
- (2001) Competitive pricing behavior in the auto market: A structural analysis. Marketing Sci. 20(1):42–60.Link, Google Scholar
- U.S. Department of Labor (2020) Occupational employment and wages—May 2019. Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ocwage.pdf.Google Scholar
- (2018) A border strategy analysis of ad source and message tone in senatorial campaigns. Marketing Sci. 37(3):333–355.Link, Google Scholar
- (2003) In search of Lincoln’s perfect list: Targeting in grassroots campaigns. Amer. Politics Res. 31(6):632–669.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1973) Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances. Econometrica 41(4):733–750.Crossref, Google Scholar
- (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Cambridge University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
- (2006) The Complete Guide to Sales Force Incentive Compensation: How to Design and Implement Plans That Work (AMACOM, New York).Google Scholar

