Network Structure in Virtual Organizations

References

• Aiken M. , Hage U. The organic organization and innovation. Social (1971) 5 63 82 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. Resource dependence and inter-organizational relations: Relations between local employment service offices and social services sector organizations. Admin. Soc. (1976) 7 419 454 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alexander J. , Randolph W. The fit between technology and structure as a predictor or performance in nursing subunits. Acad. Management J. (1985) 28 844 859 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Applegate L. In search of a new organization model for the 1990s: Lessons from the field. Acad. Management Ann. Meeting Best Paper Proc. (1995) Google Scholar
• Argote L. , Turner M. , Fichman M. To centralize or not to centralize: The effects of uncertainty and threat on group structure and performance. Organ. Behavior and Human Decision Process (1989) 43 58 74 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bacharach S. , Lawler E. Power and Politics in Organizations (1980) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA) Google Scholar
• Baker W. , Nohria N. , Eccles R. The network organization in theory and practice. Networks and Organizations (1992) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
• Baron R. , Kerr N. , Miller N. Group Processes, Group Decision, Group Action (1992) (Open University Press, Buckingham, UK) Google Scholar
• Bavelas A. Communication patterns in task oriented groups. J. Acoustical Soc. Amer. (1950) 22 272 283 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beyerlein M. , Johnson D. Theories Of Self-Managing Work Teams (1994) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) Google Scholar
• Borgatti S. P. , Everett M. G. , Freeman L. C. UCINET IV Version 1.00. (1992) (Analytic Technologies, Columbia, SC) Google Scholar
• Bourgeois L. J. , McAllister D. , Mitchell T. The effects of different organizational environments upon decisions about organizational structure. Acad. Management J. (1978) 21 508 514 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brass D. Technology and structuring of jobs: Employee satisfaction, performance, and influence. Organ. Behavior and Human Decision Process (1985) 35 2 216 240 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burkhardt M. , Brass D. Changing patterns or patterns of change: The effects of a change in technology on social network structure and power. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1990) 35 104 127 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt R. Cooptive corporate actor networks: A reconsideration of interlocking directorates involving american manufacturing. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1980) 25 557 582 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Camillus J. , Lorange P. , Chakravarthy B. , Roos J. , Van De Ven A. Crafting the competitive corporation: Management systems for future organizations. Implementing Strategic Process (1993) (Blackwell, Oxford, UK) 313 329 Google Scholar
• Carley K. Organizational learning and personnel turnover. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3 1 20 46 . Reprint. 1996. Michael D. Cohen, Lee S. Sproull, eds. Organizational Learning. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA Link, Google Scholar
• Carley K. , Lin Z. Organizational designs suited to high Performance under stress. IEEE—Systems, Man and Cybernetics (1995) 25 1 221 230 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carley K. , Svoboda D. Modeling organizational adaptation as a simulated annealing process. Soc. Methods Res. (1996) 25 1 138 168 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carley K. , Wendt K. Electronic mail and scientific communication: A study of the Soar Extended Research Group. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization (1991) 12 4 406 440 Google Scholar
• Cohen B. , Zhou X. Status processes in enduring work groups. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1991) 56 179 188 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Connoly T. , Staw B. , Salancik G. Information processing and decision making in organizations. New Directions in Organizational Behavior (1977) (St. Clair, Chicago) 205 234 Google Scholar
• Cook K. Exchange and power in networks of interorganizational relations. Soc. Quart. (1977) 8 62 82 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cyert R. , March J. G. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Daft R. M. , Macintosh N. A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1981) 26 207 224 Crossref, Google Scholar
• David F. , Pearce J. , Randolf W. Linking technology and structure to enhance group performance. J. Appl. Psych. (1989) 74 2 233 241 Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeSanctis G. , Jackson B. Coordination of information technology management: Team-based structures and computer-based communication systems. J. Management Inform. Systems (1994) 10 4 85 110 Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiMaggio P. J. , Powell W. W. The iron cage revisted: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1983) 48 147 160 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Drucker P. The coming of the new organization. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1988) Jan–Feb 45 53 Google Scholar
• Duncan R. Multiple decision-making structures in adapting to environmental uncertainty: The impact on organizational effectiveness. Human Relations (1973) 26 273 291 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt K. Building theories from case study research. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14 4 532 550 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Finholt T. , Sproull L. Electronic groups at work. Organ. Sci. (1990) 1 1 41 64 Link, Google Scholar
• Finholt T. , Sproull L. , Kiesler S. , Galegher J. , Kraut R. , Egido C. Communication and performance in ad hoc groups. Intellectual Teamwork (1990) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ) 291 325 Google Scholar
• Finne H. Organizational adaptation to changing contingencies. Futures (1991) 23 10 1061 1074 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Forsythe D. Introduction to Group Dynamics (1983) (Brooks Cole, Belmont, CA) Google Scholar
• Freeman L. Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Soc. Networks (1979) 1 215 239 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Galbraith J. Organizational Design (1977) (Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA) Google Scholar
• Galegher J. , Kraut R. Computer-mediated communication for intellectual teamwork: A field experiment in group writing. Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Supported Cooperative Work (1990) Association of Computing Machinery New York 65 78 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goldman S. , Nagel R. , Preiss K. Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for Enriching the Customer (1995) (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York) Google Scholar
• Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Amer. J. Soc. (1985) 78 1360 1380 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Guetzkow H. , Simon H. The impact of certain communication nets upon organization and performance in task-oriented groups. Management Sci. (1955) 1 233 150 Link, Google Scholar
• Hall R. , Haas J. E. , Johnson N. Organizational size, complexity, and formalization. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1967) 32 903 914 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harary F. , Norman R. , Cartwright D. Structural Models: An Introduction to the Theory of Directed Graphs (1965) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
• Huber G. , O'Connel M. , Cummings L. Perceived environmental uncertainty: Effects of information and structure. Acad. Management J. (1975) 18 725 740 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hummon N. , Fararo T. Actors and networks as objects. Soc. Networks (1995) 17 1 26 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Joyce W. , Slocum J. , Von Glinow M. Person-situation interactions: Competing models of fit. J. Occupational Behavior (1982) 3 265 280 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Keller R. Technology-information professing fit and the performance of R&D project groups: A test of contingency theory. Acad. Management J. (1994) 37 1 167 179 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. , Nohira N. , Eccles R. The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. Organizations and Networks: Theory and Practice (1991) (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. , Carley K. , Prietula M. Graph theoretical dimensions of informal organizations. Computational Organization Theory (1994) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ) Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. , Hanson J. Informal networks: The company behind the chart. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1993) 71 104 Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. , Porter M. When friends leave: A structural analysis of the relationship between turnover and stayers' attitudes. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1985) 34 38 67 Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D. , Blythe J. , McGrath C. KrackPlot 3.0: An improved network drawing program. Connections (1994) 17 2 53 55 Google Scholar
• Kraut R. , Streeter L. Coordination in software development. Comm. ACM (1995) 38 3 69 81 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lasswell H. , Lerner D. , de Sola Pool I. The Comparative Study of Symbols (1952) (Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA) Google Scholar
• Lawrence P. , Lorsch J. Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1967) 12 1 47 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin Z. , Carley K. Organizational response: The cost performance tradeoff. Management Sci. (1997) 43 2 217 234 Link, Google Scholar
• Lipnack J. , Stamps J. Virtual Teams: Researching Across Space, Time, And Organizations with Technology (1997) (John Wiley and Sons, New York) Google Scholar
• March J. , Simon H. Organizations (1958) (John Wiley and Sons, New York) Google Scholar
• Mills D. Rebirth of the Corporation (1991) (John Wiley and Sons, New York) Google Scholar
• Monge P. , Contractor N. , Jablin F. , Putnam L. Emergence of communication networks. Handbook of Organizational Communication (1998) 2nd ed. (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
• Monge P. , Eisenberg E. , Jablin F. , Putnam L. , Roberts K. , Porter L. Emergent communication networks. Handbook of Organizational Communication (1987) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) 304 342 Google Scholar
• Nadel S. Theory of Social Structure (1957) (Cohen and West, London) Google Scholar
• Newell A. Unified Theories of Cognition (1990) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Nunnelly J. Psychometric Theory (1978) (McGraw Hill, New York) Google Scholar
• Palmer D. , Friedland R. , Singh J. The ties that bind: Organizational and class bases of stability in corporate interlock network. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1986) 51 781 796 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Perrow C. A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1967) 32 194 208 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Perrow C. Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View (1970) (Wadsworth, Belmont, CA) Google Scholar
• Provan K. , Milward H. A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness: A comparative study of four community mental health systems. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1995) 40 1 33 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pugh D. , Hickson D. , Hinings C. , Turner C. The context of organizational structures. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1969) 14 91 114 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rogers E. , Kincaid D. Communication Networks: Toward a New Paradigm for Research (1981) (The Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Saunders C. , Robey D. , Vaverek K. The persistence of status differentials in computer conferencing. Human Comm. Rev. (1994) 20 4 443 472 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schein E. H. Process Consultation: Its Role in Organization Development (1988) (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA) Google Scholar
• Scott J. Social Network Analysis (1991) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
• Scott W. Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quart. (1955) 19 3 321 325 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaw M. , Berkowitz L. Communication networks. Advancements in Experimental Psychology (1964) 1 (Academic Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simon H. The New Science of Management Decision (1977) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Sproull L. , Kiesler S. Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Sci. (1986) 32 11 1492 1512 Link, Google Scholar
• Thompson J. Organizational Action (1967) (McGraw Hill, New York) Google Scholar
• Thorndike R. , Lindquist E. G. Reliability in education measurement. Education Measurement (1950) (American Council on Education, Washington, DC) Google Scholar
• Tichy N. , Fombrun C. Network analysis in organizational settings. Human Relations (1979) 11 32 923 965 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tushman M. Technical communications in R&D laboratories: The impact of project work characteristics. Acad. Management J. (1978) 21 624 645 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tushman M. Work characteristics and submit communication structure: A contingency analysis. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1979) 24 82 97 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Ven A. H. , Delbecq A. L. , Koenig R. Determinants of coordination modes within organizations. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1976) 41 322 338 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Ven A. H. , Delbecq A. L. A task contingent model of work unit structure. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1974) 19 183 197 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Ven A. H. , Drazin R. Alternative forms of fit in contingency theory. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1985) 30 4 514 539 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weber M. , Henderson A. , Parsons T. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (1947) (Free Press, Glencoe, IL) . and trans Google Scholar
• Whistler T. Impact of Computers on Organizations (1970) (Praeger, New York) Google Scholar
• Williamson O. Comparative economic organization: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36 269 296 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Withey M. , Daft R. , Cooper W. Measures of Perrow's work unit technology: An empirical assessment and a new scale. Acad. Management J. (1983) 26 1 45 63 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Woodward J. Industrial Organizations: Theory and Practice (1961) (Oxford University Press, London) Google Scholar
• Zack M. , McKinney J. Social context and interaction in ongoing computer-supported management groups. Organ. Sci. (1995) 6 4 394 422 Link, Google Scholar