Does Geography Matter for Science-Based Firms? Epistemic Communities and the Geography of Research and Patenting in Biotechnology
Published Online:1 Aug 2007https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0249
References
- Bounding the effects of R&D: An investigation using matched establishment-firm data. RAND J. Econom. (1996) 27(4):700–721Crossref, Google Scholar
- Economic issues concerning the mobility of scientific inventions. (2000) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaGoogle Scholar
- Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information with in the R&D Organization (1977) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Interuniversity mobility of academic scientists. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1987) 52(5):643–652Crossref, Google Scholar
- The exploration of technological diversity and the geographic localization of innovation. Small Bus. Econom. (1997) 9:21–31Crossref, Google Scholar
- Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Sci. (1999) 45(7):905–918Link, Google Scholar
- Architectures of Knowledge: Firms, Capabilities and Communities (2004) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Company-scientist locational links: The case of biotechnology. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1996) 86(3):641–652Google Scholar
- Normative versus social constructivist processes in the allocation of citations: A network-analytic model. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1998) 63(6):829–846Crossref, Google Scholar
- Innovation and spillovers in regions: Evidence from European patent data. Eur. Econom. Rev. (2003) 47:687–710Crossref, Google Scholar
- Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: A critical survey. Indust. Corporate Change (2001) 10(4):975–1001Crossref, Google Scholar
- Knowledge and organization: A social practice perspective. Organ. Sci. (2001) 12(2):198–213Link, Google Scholar
- Regression Analysis of Count Data (1998) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
- The influence of demographic heterogeneity on the emergence and consequences of cooperative norms in work teams. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44(5):956–975Crossref, Google Scholar
- Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery. J. Indust. Econom. (1998) 46(2):157–182Crossref, Google Scholar
- Patterns of intellectual influence in scientific research. Sociol. Ed. (1970) 43(4):377–403Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social Stratification in Science (1973) (Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Scientific output and recognition: A study in the operation of the reward system in science. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1967) 32(3):377–390Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Bijker W., Hughes T., Pinch T. The social locus of technological practice: Community, system, or organization? The Social Construction of Technological Systems (1999) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- The explicit economics of knowledge codification and tacitness. Indust. Corporate Change (2000) 9(2):211Crossref, Google Scholar
- Role strain and the norm of reciprocity in research organizations. Amer. J. Sociol. (1962) 68(3):346–354Crossref, Google Scholar
- A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution: The case of cochlear implants. Organ. Sci. (1994) 5(3):344–363Link, Google Scholar
- What makes research socially useful? Complementarities between in-house research and firm-university collaboration in biotechnology. Revue d’Economie Industrielle (2005) 110(2):1–17Google Scholar
- Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Sci. (2003) 49(4):366–382Link, Google Scholar
- The stubborn approach that pays dividends: Genentech’s biotech research has built up a formidable momentum. Financial Times (2003) Sept. 18Google Scholar
- If the science looks good, I’ll go after it. Financial Times (2005) February 11Google Scholar
- Dose of reality—Biotech’s dismal bottom line. The Wall Street Journal (2004) May 20Google Scholar
- Published papers, tacit competencies and corporate management of the public/private character of knowledge. Indust. Corporate Change (1995) 4(2):401–424Crossref, Google Scholar
- Corporate research: Best labs combine virtues of both academia and industry. Scientist (1993) 7(11):1Google Scholar
- Proofs and prototypes for sale: The licensing of university inventions. Amer. Econom. Rev. (2001) 91(1):240–259Crossref, Google Scholar
- Knowledge transfer between groups via personnel rotation: Effects of social identity and knowledge quality. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2005) 96:56–71Crossref, Google Scholar
- The geography of organizational knowledge. (2003) . Working paper, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PAGoogle Scholar
- Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (1999) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3(3):383–397Link, Google Scholar
- Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (1991) (Cambridge University Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Interpersonal communication patterns among Swedish and Boston-area entrepreneurs. Res. Policy (1984) 13(2):101–115Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms. Organ. Sci. (1996) 7(1):428–443Link, Google Scholar
- Entrance into the academic career. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1979) 44(5):816–830Crossref, Google Scholar
- The modern university: Contributor to industrial innovation and recipient of industrial R&D support. Res. Policy (1996) 25:1047–1058Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Matthew effect in science. Science (1968) 159:56–63Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (1973) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
- The geographic reach of market and nonmarket channels of technology transfer: Comparing citations and licenses of university patents. (2001) . NBER Working Paper 8568, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
- The distribution of social and cultural properties in informal communication networks among biology scientists. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1968) 33(5Crossref, Google Scholar
- The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life. Res. Policy (2004) 33:643–659Crossref, Google Scholar
- Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis. (2005) . NBER working paper, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organ. Sci. (2004) 15(1):5–21Link, Google Scholar
- A novel human papillomavirus sequence from an international cervical-cancer study. J. Infectious Diseases (1994) 170(5):1093–1095Crossref, Google Scholar
- Networks as pipes and prisms of the market. Amer. J. Sociol. (2001) 107:33–60Crossref, Google Scholar
- Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1996) 41:116–145Crossref, Google Scholar
- Regional industrial identity: Cluster configurations and economic development. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16:344–358Link, Google Scholar
- Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility. Management Sci. (2003) 49(6):751Link, Google Scholar
- Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management J. (2001) 22(4):287–306Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Carroll Glenn R., Hannan Michael T. Biotechnology firms. Organizations in Industry: Strategy, Structure, and Selection (1995) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
- Regional Advantage (1994) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Science Watch Heavy weights in molecular biology/genetics. (2003) 14(1):1–2Google Scholar
- Science as a map in technological search. Strategic Management J. (2004) 25:909–928Crossref, Google Scholar
- How much better are the most prestigious journals? The statistics of academic publication. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16(2):180–200Link, Google Scholar
- The economics of science. J. Econom. Literature (1996) 34:1199–1235Google Scholar
- Do scientists pay to be scientists? Management Sci. (2004) 50(6):835–854Link, Google Scholar
- The geography of opportunity: Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms. Res. Policy (2003) 32:229–253Crossref, Google Scholar
- Open source software and the “private-collective” innovation model: Issues for organization science. Organ. Sci. (2003) 14(2):209Link, Google Scholar
- Social capital, structural holes, and the formation of an industry network. Organ. Sci. (1997) 8(2):109–125Link, Google Scholar
- Reach out or reach within? Performance implications of alliances and location in biotechnology. Managerial Decision Econom. (2004) 25:437–452Crossref, Google Scholar
- Commercializing knowledge: University science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology. Management Sci. (2002) 48(1):138–153Link, Google Scholar
- Intellectual capital and the birth of US biotechnology enterprises. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1998) 88:290–306Google Scholar

