Dumb and Dumber: The Impact of Downsizing on Firm Performance as Moderated by Industry Conditions
Published Online:11 Dec 2007https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0298
References
- Safety in numbers: Downsizing and deinstitutionalization of permanent employment in Japan. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2001) 46:622–658Crossref, Google Scholar
- Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions (1991) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) Google Scholar
- Changes in the work environment for creativity during downsizing. Acad. Management J. (1999) 42:630–640Crossref, Google Scholar
- A contingent resource-based view of proactive corporate environmental strategy. Acad. Management Rev. (2003) 28:71–88Crossref, Google Scholar
- Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. J. Marketing Res. (1977) 14:396–402Crossref, Google Scholar
- Industrial Organization: A Treatise (1987) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) Google Scholar
- Human Resource Strategy: Formulation, Implementation and Impact (2000) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
- Organizational environment and business strategy: Parallel versus conflicting influences on human resource strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Human Resource Management (1991) 30:153–182Crossref, Google Scholar
- Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quit rates, and sales growth. Acad. Management J. (2002) 45:587–597Crossref, Google Scholar
- Strategic decision speed and firm performance. Strategic Management J. (2003) 24:1107–1129Crossref, Google Scholar
- Downsizing in America: Reality, Causes, and Consequences (2003) (Russell Sage Foundation, New York) Google Scholar
- , Rowland K. M., Ferris G. R. High performance work systems and firm performance: A synthesis of research and managerial implications. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management (1998) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 53–101Google Scholar
- An introduction to sample selection bias in sociological data. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1983) 48:386–398Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Klein K. J., Kozlowski S. W. J. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations (2000) (Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA) 349–381Google Scholar
- Downsizing the firm: Answering the strategic questions. Acad. Management Executive (1996) 10:38–45Google Scholar
- Hierarchical Linear Models (1992) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) Google Scholar
- There is an upside to downsizing. Bus. Week (1994) 9(May):69Google Scholar
- A conceptual framework for analyzing why organizations downsize. Organ. Sci. (1999) 10:69–82Link, Google Scholar
- Bureau of Labor StatisticsMass Layoffs (Monthly) (2004) . http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/mmls.toc.htmGoogle Scholar
- The Management of Innovation (1961) (Tavistock, London) Google Scholar
- The contingent value of social capital. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1997) 42:339–365Crossref, Google Scholar
- Investigating organizational downsizing: Fundamental issues. Human Resource Management (1994) 33:183–188Crossref, Google Scholar
- Best practices in white collar downsizing: Managing contradictions. Acad. Management Executive (1991) 5:57–73Google Scholar
- Organizational dysfunctions of decline. Acad. Management J. (1987) 30:126–138Crossref, Google Scholar
- So close and yet so far: Promotion versus exit for CEO heirs apparent. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44:252–271Crossref, Google Scholar
- The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce (1999) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
- Examining the incidence of downsizing and its effect on establishment performance. (2000) . NBER Working Paper 7742, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cambridge, MACrossref, Google Scholar
- Downsizing: What do we know? What have we learned? Acad. Management Executive (1993) 7:95–103Google Scholar
- Responsible Restructuring: Creative and Profitable Alternatives to Layoffs (2002) (Berrett-Koehler, San Fransisco, CA) Google Scholar
- Financial consequences of employment-change decisions in major U.S. corporations. Acad. Management J. (1997) 40:1175–1189Crossref, Google Scholar
- Fat: The displacement of nonproduction workers from U.S. manufacturing industries. Brookings Papers Econom. Activity: Microeconomics (1993) 2):227–288Crossref, Google Scholar
- Effects of downsizing practices on the performance of hospitals. Strategic Management J. (2004) 25:405–427Crossref, Google Scholar
- The impact of modes of entry and resource fit on modes of exit by multibusiness firms. Strategic Management J. (1999) 20:1019–1035Crossref, Google Scholar
- When are layoffs acceptable? Evidence from a quasi-experiment. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. (2000) 53:381–200Crossref, Google Scholar
- Assessing the relationship between industry characteristics and organizational culture: How different can you be? Acad. Management J. (1994) 37:522–533Crossref, Google Scholar
- Industry structure and CEO characteristics: An empirical study of succession events. Strategic Management J. (1998) 19:833–852Crossref, Google Scholar
- HRM and labor productivity: Does industry matter? Acad. Management J. (2005) 48:135–145Crossref, Google Scholar
- Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency and configurational performance predictions. Acad. Management J. (1996) 39(4):802–835Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Rowland K. M., Ferris G. R. The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis and extension. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management (2001) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 165–197Crossref, Google Scholar
- The tie that binds—Has become very, very frayed! Human Resource Planning (1990) 13:203–213Google Scholar
- Voluntary turnover, social capital, and organizational performance. Acad. Management Rev. (2001) 26:446–456Crossref, Google Scholar
- Firm, industry, and strategy influences on choice of downsizing approach. Strategic Management J. (1998) 19:59–80Crossref, Google Scholar
- The effects of organizational downsizing on product innovation. California Management Rev. (1995) 37(4):28–34Crossref, Google Scholar
- On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 36:1577–1613Crossref, Google Scholar
- The effects of downsizing on operating performance. Rev. Quant. Finance Accounting (2000) 15:107–126Crossref, Google Scholar
- The changing face of job loss in the United States: 1981--1995. Brookings Papers Econom. Activity: Microeconomics (1997) 55–128Crossref, Google Scholar
- Downsizing in privatized firms in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Acad. Management J. (2000) 43:286–304Crossref, Google Scholar
- IBM plans restructuring, job cuts. Wall Street J. (2005) May 5):A3Google Scholar
- Organizational downsizing as convergence or reorientation: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management (1994) 33:213–238Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizational downsizing: A convergence and reorientation framework. Organ. Sci. (1993) 4:10–29Link, Google Scholar
- Why shakeups work for some, not for others. Wall Street J. (1993) October 1):B1B5Google Scholar
- Error in research on human resources and firm performance: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates? Personnel Psych. (2000) 53:803–834Crossref, Google Scholar
- Contemporary Strategic Analysis (2005) (Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
- High involvement work practices, turnover and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Acad. Management J. (2001) 44:180–190Crossref, Google Scholar
- Environmental change and management staffing: An empirical study. J. Management (1991) 17:735–748Crossref, Google Scholar
- Does context affect staffing? The case of general managers. Personnel Psych. (1991) 44:263–292Crossref, Google Scholar
- Top management team size, CEO dominance, and firm performance: The moderating roles of environmental turbulence and discretion. Acad. Management J. (1993) 36:844–863Crossref, Google Scholar
- Assessing the amount of managerial discretion in different industries: A multi-method approach. Acad. Management J. (1995) 38:1427–1441Crossref, Google Scholar
- CEOs who have COOs: Contingency analysis of an unexplored structural form. Strategic Management J. (2004) 25:959–979Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Cummings L. L., Staw B. M. Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views on organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior (1987) 9(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 369–406Google Scholar
- Toward an empirical prioritization of contingency variables for business strategy. Acad. Management J. (1985) 28:763–788Crossref, Google Scholar
- Strategy formulation in declining industries. Acad. Management Rev. (1980) 5:599–605Crossref, Google Scholar
- Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica (1979) 47:153–161Crossref, Google Scholar
- Getting beyond downsizing. Fortune (1994) 129(1):58–64Google Scholar
- The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate. Acad. Management J. (1995) 38:635–672Crossref, Google Scholar
- Comment on “Measurement error on research on human resources and firm performance: How much error is there and does it influence effect size estimates”. Personnel Psych. (2000) 53:835–854Crossref, Google Scholar
- ILCA Online Cuts and fissures: The AFL-CIO announces layoffs. (2005) . http://www.ilcaonline.org/Google Scholar
- Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments. Annual Rev. Psych. (1995) 46:237–264Crossref, Google Scholar
- Causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro organizational characteristics, and performance. Acad. Management J. (1988) 31:570–598Crossref, Google Scholar
- The downside of downsizing. Human Relations (1997) 50(1):11–50Crossref, Google Scholar
- Improving labor productivity: Human resource management policies do matter. Strategic Management J. (1996) 17:335–354Crossref, Google Scholar
- Big payoffs from layoffs. Bus. Week (1997) 30(February 24Google Scholar
- Organization and Environment (1967) (Harvard Business School, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
- , Burke R. J., Cooper C. L. Eroding organizational social capital among U.S. firms: Price of job instability. Downsizing, Restructuring, and Privatization (2000) (Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK) 220–232Google Scholar
- Trust me. Training (1997) 34(1):28–37Google Scholar
- The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Acad. Management J. (1999) 24:31–48Google Scholar
- Employment flexibility and firm performance: Examining the interaction effects of employment mode, environmental dynamism, and technological intensity. J. Management (2003) 29:681–703Google Scholar
- The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America (1993) (Penguin Books, New York) Google Scholar
- The 100 best companies to work for in America. Fortune (1997) 137(1):84–95Google Scholar
- The paradox of managerial downsizing. Organ. Stud. (2004) 25:1159–1184Crossref, Google Scholar
- Decreasing organizational size: To untangle or not to untangle? Acad. Management Rev. (1992) 17:112–123Crossref, Google Scholar
- Some ideological foundations of organizational downsizing. J. Management Inquiry (1998) 7:198–212Crossref, Google Scholar
- A socio-cognitive interpretation of organizational downsizing. Acad. Management Rev. (2000) 25:227–233Crossref, Google Scholar
- Downsizing after all these years: Questions and answers about who did it, how many did it, and who benefited from it. Organ. Dynam. (1999) 27(3):78–87Crossref, Google Scholar
- When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Acad. Management Rev. (1997) 22:226–256Crossref, Google Scholar
- Amid record profits, companies continue to lay off employees. Wall Street J. (1995) May 4):A1A4Google Scholar
- Classical and Modern Regression with Applications (1990) 2nd ed.(Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA) Google Scholar
- Applied Linear Statistical Models (1985) (Irwin, Homewood, IL) Google Scholar
- Market reactions to announcements of corporate downsizing actions and implementation strategies. Strategic Management J. (2004) 25:1121–1129Crossref, Google Scholar
- Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement (1966) (Basic Books, Inc., New York) Google Scholar
- Layoff announcements: Stock market impact and financial performance. Financial Management (1997) 26:54–68Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (1959) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
- The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First (1998) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
- The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (1978) (Harper and Row, New York) Google Scholar
- Competitive Strategy (1980) (The Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
- CEO characteristics: Does industry matter? Acad. Management J. (1996) 39:197–215Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value (1996) (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements (1995) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (1980) (Rand McNally, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
- Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation (1957) (Row, Peterson, and Co., Evanston, IL) Google Scholar
- Pay disparities within top management groups: Evidence of harmful effects on performance in high-technology firms. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16:259–274Link, Google Scholar
- The relationship of staffing practices to organizational level measures of performance. Personnel Psych. (1993) 46:27–48Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizations in Action (1967) (McGraw-Hill, New York) Google Scholar
- Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct, dimensionality, and measurement. Management Sci. (1989) 35:942–962Link, Google Scholar
- The impact of workface reductions on financial performance: A longitudinal perspective. J. Management (2000) 26:341–363Crossref, Google Scholar
- A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management J. (1984) 5:171–180Crossref, Google Scholar
- Layoff announcements and stockholder wealth. Acad. Management J. (1991) 43:662–678Crossref, Google Scholar
- Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management. Acad. Management Rev. (1998) 23:756–772Crossref, Google Scholar
- Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Acad. Management J. (1996) 39:836–865Crossref, Google Scholar
- Business strategy, technological policy and firm performance. Strategic Management J. (1993) 14:451–478Crossref, Google Scholar
- When the known devil is better than an unknown god: An empirical study of the antecedents and consequences of relay CEO successions. Acad. Management J. (2004) 47:483–500Crossref, Google Scholar

