E Pluribus Unum: Framing, Matching, and Form Emergence in U.S. Television Broadcasting, 1940–1960

References

• Academy of Management Review Special topic forum on organizational identity and identification. (2000) 25(1):13–152Google Scholar
• Albert S., Whetten D. A., Cummings L. L., Shaw B. M. Organizational identity. Research in Organizational Behavior (1985) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 263–295Google Scholar
• Barnouw E.The Image Empire: A History of Broadcasting in the United States (1970) 3(Oxford University Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Baron J. N. Employing identities in organization ecology. Indust. Corporate Change (2004) 13:3–32Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becker R. “Hear-and-see radio” in the world of tomorrow: RCA and the presentation of television at the world's fair, 1939–1940. Hist. J. Film, Radio Television (2001) 21:361–378Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boddy W.Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics (1990) (University of Illinois Press, Urbana) Google Scholar
• Brekhus W. A sociology of the unmarked: Redirecting our focus. Sociol. Theory (1998) 16:34–51Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brooks T., Marsh E. F.The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows: 1946–Present (2003) 8th ed.(Ballantine Books, New York) Google Scholar
• Carroll G. R., Hannan M. T.The Demography of Corporations and Industries (2000) (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carroll G. R., Bigelow L., Seidel M. D., Tsai L. The fates of de novo and de alio producers in the American automobile industry, 1885–1982. Strategic Management J. (1996) 17:117–137Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cerulo K. A. Identity construction: New issues, new directions. Annual Rev. Sociol. (1997) 23:385–409Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cresswell T.In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression (1996) (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis) Google Scholar
• Cyert R. M., March J. G.A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963) (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
• Dobrev S. D., Ozdemir S. Z., Teo A. C. The ecological interdependence of emergent and established organizational populations: Legitimacy transfer, violation by comparison, and unstable identities. Organ. Sci. (2006) 17:577–597Link, Google Scholar
• Douglas M.Purity and Danger (1966) (Routledge & Kegan Paul, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dutton J. E., Dukerich J. M. Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation. Acad. Management J. (1991) 34:517–554Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiol C. M. Managing culture as a competitive resource: An identity-based view of sustainable competitive advantage. J. Management (1991) 17:191–211Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gieryn T. H. A space for place in sociology. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2000) 26:463–496Crossref, Google Scholar
• Glynn M. A., Abzug R. Institutionalizing identity: Symbolic isomorphism and organizational names. Acad. Management J. (2002) 45:267–280Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goffman E.The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) (Doubleday, Garden City, NY) Google Scholar
• Goffman E.Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Greene W. H.Econometric Analysis (2004) (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
• Greve H.Organization Learning from Performance Feedback. A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change (2003) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T. Inertia, density, and the structure of organizational populations: Entries in European automobile industries, 1886–1981. Organ. Stud. (1997) 18:193–228Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T., Freeman J. H. The population ecology of organizations. Amer. J. Sociol. (1977) 82:929–964Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T., Freeman J. H. Where do organizational forms come from? Sociol. Forum (1986) 1:50–57Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T., Freeman J. H.Organizational Ecology (1989) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T., Pólos L., Carroll G. R.The Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies (2007) (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) Google Scholar
• Hannan M. T., Baron J. N., Hsu G., Koçac O. Organizational identities and the hazard of change. Indust. Corporate Change (2006) 15:755–784Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haveman H. A. Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1992) 37:48–75Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haveman H. A. Follow the leader: Mimetic isomorphism and entry into new markets. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1993) 38:593–627Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hogg M. A., Burke P. J. Social identity theory. The Handbook of Group Research and Practice (2006) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) 133–157Google Scholar
• Houseman J. Battle over television. Harper's Magazine (1950) 200:51–59Google Scholar
• Howard H. H. The 1996 telecommunication act and TV station ownership: One year later. J. Media Econom. (1998) 11:21–32Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hsu G., Hannan M. T. Identities, genres, and organizational forms. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16:474–490Link, Google Scholar
• Ingram P. Organizational form as a mechanism for generating credible commitment: The evolution of naming strategy in the U.S. hospitality industry. Strategic Management J. (1996) 17:85–98Crossref, Google Scholar
• Khessina O. M., Romanelli E. Regional industrial identity and spatial arrangements in the U.S. biotherapeutics industry, 1976–2004. (2006) . Working paper, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
• Klepper S., Simons K. L. Dominance by birthright: Entry of prior radio producers and competitive ramifications in the U.S. television receiver industry. Strategic Management J. (2000) 21:997–1016Crossref, Google Scholar
• Köçak O. Structure of identity and prestige markets. (2005) . Working paper, Columbia University, New YorkGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann R. Graffiti as career and ideology. Amer. J. Sociol. (1988) 94:229–250Crossref, Google Scholar
• Link B. G., Phelan J. C. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2001) 27:363–385Crossref, Google Scholar
• March J. G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. (1991) 2:71–87Link, Google Scholar
• March J. G.A Primer on Decision Making (1994) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• McKendrick D. G., Carroll G. R. On the genesis of organizational forms: Evidence from the market for disk drive arrays. Organ. Sci. (2001) 12:661–683Link, Google Scholar
• McKendrick D. G., Jaffee J., Carroll G. R., Khessina O. M. In the bud? Analysis of disk array producers as a (possibly) emergent organizational form. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2003) 48:60–93Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mitchell W. Whether and when? Probability and timing of incumbents' entry into emerging industrial subfields. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1989) 34:208–230Crossref, Google Scholar
• Myers D. G., Kaplan M. F. Group-induced polarization in simulated juries. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (1976) 2:63–66Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nelson R. N., Winter S. G.An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (1982) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Owen B. M., Wildman S. S.Video Economics (1992) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Padgett J. F., Ansell C. K. Robust action and the rise of the Medici, 1400–1434. Amer. J. Sociol. (1993) 98:1259–1319Crossref, Google Scholar
• Padgett J. F., McLean P. D. Organizational invention and elite transformation: The birth of partnership systems in Renaissance Florence. Amer. J. Sociol. (2006) 111:1463–1568Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips D. J. A genealogical approach to organizational life chances: The parent-progeny transfer among Silicon Valley firms. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2002) 47:474–506Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips D., Zuckerman E. Middle status conformity: Theoretical restatement and evidence from two markets. Amer. J. Sociol. (2001) 107:379–429Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce R., Rochon T. R. Attitudinal change and elite circulation: French socialist candidates in 1967 and 1978. Amer. J. Political Sci. (1984) 28:379–398Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pólos L., Hannan M. T., Carroll G. R. Foundations of a theory of social forms. Indust. Corporate Change (2002) 11:85–115Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rao H. The social construction of reputation: Certification contests, legitimation, and the survival of organizations in the American automobile industry: 1895–1912. Strategic Management J. (1994) 15:29–44Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rao H., Singh J. V., Baum J. A. C., McKelvey B. Types of variation in organizational populations: The speciation of new organizational forms. Variations in Organizations Science (1999) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) 63–78Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rheingold H. L. Development as the acquisition of familiarity. Annual Rev. Psych. (1985) 36:1–17Crossref, Google Scholar
• Romanelli E. The evolution of new organizational forms. Annual Rev. Sociol. (1991) 17:79–103Crossref, Google Scholar
• Romanelli E., Khessina O. M. Regional industrial identity: Cluster configurations and economic development. Organ. Sci. (2005) 16:344–358Link, Google Scholar
• Ruef M. The emergence of organizational forms: A community ecology approach. Amer. J. Sociol. (2000) 106:658–714Crossref, Google Scholar
• Savage I. R. Contributions to the theory of rank-order statistics—The two sample case. Ann. Math. Statist. (1956) 27:590–615Crossref, Google Scholar
• Scherer F. M., Ross D.Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (1990) (Houghton and Mifflin, Boston) Google Scholar
• Schumpeter J. A.The Theory of Economic Development (1934) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Sine W. D., Haveman H. A., Tolbert P. S. Risky business: Entrepreneurship in the new independent-power sector. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2005) 50:200–232Google Scholar
• Sørensen J. B. The ecology of organizational demography: Managerial tenure distributions and organizational competition. Indust. Corporate Change (1999) 8:713–744Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sørensen J. B. The longitudinal effect of group tenure composition on turnover. Amer. Soc. Rev. (2000) 65:298–310Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sørensen J. B., Sorenson O., Baum J. A. C., Sorenson O. From conception to birth: Opportunity perception and resource mobilization in entrepreneurship. Advances in Strategic Management (2003) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 89–117Google Scholar
• Stark D. Recombinant property in East European capitalism. Amer. J. Sociol. (1996) 101:993–1027Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stinchcombe A. L., March J. G. Social structure and organizations. The Handbook of Organizations (1965) (Rand McNally & Co., Chicago) 142–193Google Scholar
• Swanson A.-N. Form coherence and the fates of de alio and de novo organizations in the U.S. digital computer industry, 1951–1994. (2002) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CAGoogle Scholar
• Tarone R. E., Ware J. H. On distribution-free tests for equality of survival distributions. Biometrika (1977) 64:156–160Crossref, Google Scholar
• Television & Cable FactbookVarious editions. Television Digest, Inc., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
• Tushman M. L., Anderson P. Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1986) 31:439–465Crossref, Google Scholar
• Walker J. R., Ferguson D. A.The Broadcast Television Industry (1998) (Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA) Google Scholar
• Weber M., Roth G., Wittich C. Household, enterprise and Oikos, Ch. IV. Economy and Society (1978) (University of California Press, Los Angeles) 370–384Google Scholar
• Werlen B.Society, Action and Space: An Alternative Human Geography (1993) (Routledge, London) Google Scholar
• Zar J. H.Biostatistical Analysis (1999) 4th ed.(Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
• Zerubavel E.The Fine Line: Making Distinctions in Everyday Life (1991) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Zerubavel E.Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive Sociology (1997) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Zuckerman E. W. The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the legitimacy discount. Amer. J. Sociol. (1999) 104:1398–1438Crossref, Google Scholar