Enabling Courageous Collective Action: Conversations from United Airlines Flight 93
Published Online:1 Aug 2008https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0331
References
- Positivism and interpretation in sociology: Lessons for sociologists from the history of stress research. Soc. Forum (1990) 5(3):435–458Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Essential Aquinas: Writings on Philosophy, Religion, and Sociology (2002) (Praeger, Westport, CT) Google Scholar
- . Nicomachean Ethics (1985) (Hacket Publishing Co., Indianapolis) Google Scholar
- Social Psychology (1952) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Atlantic Monthly, The America's fortunes. (2004) 110–120Google Scholar
- Hostage taking: How to escape with your life. The Times (2001) . London, 4Google Scholar
- Experiences of adversity at work: Toward an identity-based theory of resilience. (2007) . Unpublished dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIGoogle Scholar
- The Function of the Executive (1968) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Mark Bingham: Hero of Flight 93 (2002) (Advocate Books, Los Angeles) Google Scholar
- Strategy retold: Toward a narrative view of strategic discourse. Acad. Management Rev. (1997) 22(2):429–452Crossref, Google Scholar
- Regression under stress to first learned behavior. J. Abnormal Soc. Psych. (1959) 59:134–136Crossref, Google Scholar
- Let's Roll: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage (2003) (St. Martin's Press, New York) Google Scholar
- The Denial of Death (1973) (The Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
- “You could be the hundredth monkey”: Collective action frames and vocabularies of motive within the nuclear disarmament movement. Sociol. Quart. (1993) 34:195–216Crossref, Google Scholar
- Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2000) 26:611–639Crossref, Google Scholar
- Outline of the Theory of Practice (1977) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
- The real story of Flight 93. Newsweek (2001) 52–67Google Scholar
- Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self-representations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1996) 71(1):83–93Crossref, Google Scholar
- President Bush discusses the economy and the war on terror. (2003) . http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/10/20031016-3.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement (1963) (Harper & Row, New York) Google Scholar
- The rhetoric of identification and the study of organizational communication. Quart. J. Speech (1983) 69:143–158Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Organizing Property of Communication (2000) (John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Narrating the Organization: Dramas of Institutional Identity (1997) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, and London) Google Scholar
- Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1968) 8:377–383Crossref, Google Scholar
- Dateline NBC A heroic last stand. (2001a) September 14(NBC, New York) Google Scholar
- Dateline NBC A call of courage. (2001b) September 18(NBC, New York) Google Scholar
- Dateline NBC A likely hero. (2001c) September 23(NBC, New York) Google Scholar
- A social movement perspective on corporate control. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1994) 39(1):141–173Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Cameron K. S., Dutton J. E., Quinn R. E. The power of high quality connections. Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline (2003) (Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco) 263–278Google Scholar
- Red light, green light: Making sense of the organizational context for issue selling. Organ. Sci. (2002) 13(4):355–371Link, Google Scholar
- Building theories from case study research. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14(4):532–550Crossref, Google Scholar
- Resources in emerging structures and processes of change. Organ. Sci. (2004) 15(3):295–309Link, Google Scholar
- , Fineman S. Organizations as emotional arenas. Emotion in Organizations (1993) (Sage, London) 9–35Google Scholar
- Talking Politics (1992) (Cambridge University Press, New York) Google Scholar
- Resources and resourcefulness: Strategic capacity in the unionization of California agriculture. Amer. J. Soc. (2000) 105(4):1003–1062Crossref, Google Scholar
- Realities and Relationships: Soundings in Social Construction (1994) (Harvard University Press, Boston) Google Scholar
- Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Acad. Management Rev. (1990) 15(4):584–602Crossref, Google Scholar
- Your Father's Voice: Letters for Emmy About Life with Jeremy—And Without Him After 9/11 (2004) (St. Martin's Press, New York) Google Scholar
- Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (1974) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge) Google Scholar
- , Staw B. M., Cummings L. L. Principled organizational dissent: A theoretical essay. Research in Organizational Behavior (1986) 8(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 1–52Google Scholar
- The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psych. Rev. (2001) 108:814–834Crossref, Google Scholar
- Leading the Revolution (2000) (Harvard Business School Press, Boston) Google Scholar
- Content analysis of secondary data: A study of courage in managerial decision making. J. Bus. Ethics (1991) 34:191–208Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social movement rhetoric and the social psychology of collective action: A case study of anti-abortion mobilization. Human Relations (1997) 50(3):261–286Google Scholar
- Called (2006) (Northfield Publishing, Chicago) Google Scholar
- Holding environments at work. J. Appl. Behavioral Sci. (2001) 37(3):260–279Crossref, Google Scholar
- The 21st Century at Work (2004) (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA) Google Scholar
- Courage After the Crash: Flight 93 Aftermath—An Oral and Pictoral Chronicle (2002) (SAJ Publishing, Somerset, PA) Google Scholar
- How group identification helps to overcome the dilemma of collective action. Amer. Behavioral Sci. (2002) 45(5):887–900Crossref, Google Scholar
- Among the Heroes: United Flight 93 & the Passengers and Crew Who Fought Back (2002) (HarperCollins, New York) Google Scholar
- At the End of an Age (2002) (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT) Google Scholar
- Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress (1984) (Norton, New York) Google Scholar
- A Primer on Decision Making (1994) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
- The Courage to Create (1978) (Bantam Books, New York) Google Scholar
- Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (1996) (Cambridge University Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- The psychology of life stories. Rev. General Psych. (2001) 5(2):100–122Crossref, Google Scholar
- Resistance as a social drama: A study of change-oriented encounters. Amer. J. Soc. (2004) 109(6):1249–1318Crossref, Google Scholar
- Individual and situational correlates of whistle-blowing. Personnel Psych. (1988) 41(2):267–281Crossref, Google Scholar
- Doing the job well: An investigation of pro-social rule breaking. J. Management (2006) 32(1):5–28Crossref, Google Scholar
- An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don't communicate upward and why. J. Management Stud. (2003) 40(6):1453–1476Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Cummings L. L., Staw B. M. Game theory and organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior (1994) 16(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 83–123Google Scholar
- National Commission on Terrorist AttacksThe 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004) (W. W. Norton & Company, New York) Google Scholar
- Modeling courage: The role of dissent in fostering independence. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (1988) 18:275–280Crossref, Google Scholar
- Knowing in practice: Enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing. Organ. Sci. (2002) 13(3):249–273Link, Google Scholar
- Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (1984) (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) Google Scholar
- Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences (1988) (State University of New York Press, Albany, NY) Google Scholar
- , Davis J. E. Plotting protest: Mobilizing stories in the 1960 student sit-ins. Stories of Change: Narrative and Social Movements (2002) (State University of New York Press, Albany, NY) 31–52Google Scholar
- Collective identity and social movements. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2001) 27:283–305Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Dutton J. E., Ragins B. R. Rebuilding trust and restoring positive relationships: A commitment-based view of trust. Exploring Positive Relationships at Work: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation (2006) (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ) 117–136Google Scholar
- Deep Change: Discovering the Leader Within (1996) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco) Google Scholar
- Coordination as energy-in-conversation. Acad. Management Rev. (2005) 30(1):36–57Crossref, Google Scholar
- Fear and Courage (1990) (W. H. Freeman and Company, New York) Google Scholar
- Time and Narrative (1984) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny. Post-Gazette (2001) Oct. 28). http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.aspGoogle Scholar
- Not so different after all: A cross-disciplinary view of trust. Acad. Management Rev. (1998) 23(3):393–404Crossref, Google Scholar
- Research on Human Behavior: A Systematic Guide to Method (1972) (Holt, Reinhart and Winston, New York) Google Scholar
- , Staw B. M., Salancik G. R. Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. New Directions in Organizational Behavior (1977) (St. Clair, Chicago) 1–54Google Scholar
- The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory (2001) (Routledge, New York) Google Scholar
- A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. Amer. J. Soc. (1992) 98(1):1–29Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Klandermans B., Kreise H., Tarrow S. Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research (1988) 1(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 197–218Google Scholar
- Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1986) 51(4):464–481Crossref, Google Scholar
- The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach. Theory Soc. (1994) 23:605–649Crossref, Google Scholar
- Learning from extreme cases. (2005) . http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/∼wstarbuc/extreweb/Extreweb_files/frame.htmGoogle Scholar
- Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1981) 26(4):501–524Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Courage to Be (1952) (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT) Google Scholar
- From Mobilization to Revolution (1978) (Random House, New York) Google Scholar
- “We have some planes,” hijacker told controller. New York Times (2001) Oct. 16). http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/national/16PLAN.htmlGoogle Scholar
- The vulnerable system: An analysis of the Tenerife air disaster. J. Management (1990) 16(3):571–593Crossref, Google Scholar
- The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1993) 38:628–652Crossref, Google Scholar
- Sensemaking in Organizations (1995) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
- The generative properties of richness. Acad. Management J. (2007) 50(1):14–19Crossref, Google Scholar
- World Trade Organization Annual Report. (2003) (World Trade Organization, New York) Google Scholar
- Dancing the Cliff Edge: The Place of Courage in Social Life (2004) (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI) Google Scholar
- The organizing dynamics of courage. (2006) . Working paper, Emory University, AtlantaGoogle Scholar
- , Peterson C., Seligman M. E. P. Bravery (Valor). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (2004) (American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press, Washington, D.C., New York) Google Scholar
- Mencius and Aquinas: Theories of Virtue and Conceptions of Courage (1990) (State University of New York Press, Albany, NY) Google Scholar
- Case Study Research: Design and Methods (1994) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
- Social movements in organizations: Coup d'état, bureaucratic insurgency, and mass movement. Amer. J. Soc. (1978) 83(2):214–234Google Scholar

