Innovation, Modularity, and Vertical Deintegration: Evidence from the Early U.S. Auto Industry

References

• Abernathy W. J.The Productivity Dilemma: Roadblock to Innovation in the Automobile Industry (1978) (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore) Google Scholar
• Abernathy W. J., Utterback J. Patterns of industrial innovation. Tech. Rev. (1978) 80:40–47Google Scholar
• Adner R., Levinthal D. Demand heterogeneity and technological evolution: Implications for product and process innovation. Management Sci. (2001) 47:611–630Link, Google Scholar
• Afuah A. Dynamic boundaries of the firm: Are firms better off being vertically integrated in the face of a technological change? Acad. Management J. (2001) 44:1211–1228Crossref, Google Scholar
• Afuah A., Utterback J. Responding to structural industry changes: A technological evolution perspective. Indust. Corporate Change (1997) 6:183–202Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argyres N., Bigelow L. Does transaction misalignment matter for firm survival across all stages of the industry lifecycle? Management Sci. (2007) 53:1332–1345Link, Google Scholar
• Argyres N., Liebeskind J. Contractual commitments, bargaining power and governance inseparability: Incorporating history into transaction cost theory. Acad. Management Rev. (1999) 24:49–63Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argyres N., Zenger T. Capabilities, transaction costs, and firm boundaries: A dynamic perspective and integration. (2009) . Working paper, Olin Business School, Washington University, St. LouisGoogle Scholar
• Bachman B. SAE standards. J. Soc. Automotive Engineers (1921) 9:355–356Google Scholar
• Baird D. Eliminating needless cost and confusion. Indust. Management (1923) 65:334–337Google Scholar
• Baldwin C. Where do transactions come from? Modularity, transactions, and the boundaries of firms. Indust. Corporate Change (2007) 17:155–195Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baldwin C., Clark K.Design Rules (2000) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baldwin N., Georgano G. N., Sedgwick M., Laban B.The World Guide to Automobile Manufacturers (1987) (Facts on File, New York) Google Scholar
• Barzel Y. Measurement cost and the organization of markets. J. Law Econom. (1982) 18:27–48Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bigelow L., Argyres N. Transaction costs, industry experience and make-or-buy decisions in the population of early U.S. auto firms. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (2007) 66:791–807Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brusoni S., Prencipe A., Pavitt K. Knowledge, specialization, organizational coupling, and the boundaries of the firm: Why do firms know more than they make? Admin. Sci. Quart. (2001) 46:597–621Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carroll G. R., Bigelow L. S., Seidel M.-D., Tsai L. The fates of de novo and de alio producers in the American automobile industry 1885–1981. Strategic Management J. (1996) 17:117–137Google Scholar
• Christensen C., Suarez A., Utterback J. Strategies for survival in fast-changing industries. Management Sci. (1998) 44:S207–S220Link, Google Scholar
• Christensen C., Verlinden M., Westerman G. Disruption, disintegration and the dissipation of differentiability. Indust. Corporate Change (2002) 11:955–993Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dobrev S., Kim T.-Y., Carroll G. The evolution of organizational niches: U.S. automobile manufacturers, 1885–1981. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2002) 47:233–264Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dunne T., Roberts M., Samuelson L. Patterns of entry and exit in U.S. manufacturing industries. RAND J. Econom. (1988) 19:495–515Crossref, Google Scholar
• Edmonds C. C. Tendencies in the automobile industry. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1923) 13:422–441Google Scholar
• Flammang J. M., Kowalke R.Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1976–1986 (1989) 2nd ed.(Krause, Iola, WI) Google Scholar
• Georgano G. N.The New Encyclopedia of Motor Cars: 1885 to Present (1982) 3rd ed.(E.P. Dutton, New York) Google Scholar
• Ghosh M., John G. Governance value analysis and marketing strategy. J. Marketing (1999) 63:131–145Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greene W.Econometric Analysis (2003) 5th ed.(Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
• Gunnell J.Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1946–1975 (1987) 3rd ed.(Krause, Iola, WI) Google Scholar
• Henderson R., Clark K. Architectural innovation: The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1990) 35:9–30Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hoetker G. Do modular products lead to modular organizations? Strategic Management J. (1986) 27:501–508Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jacobides M., Winter S. The co-evolution of capabilities and transaction costs: Explaining the institutional structure of production. Strategic Management J. (2005) 26:395–414Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kimes B. R., Clark H. A.Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942 (1989) 2nd ed.(Krause, Iola, WI) Google Scholar
• Klepper S. Entry, exit, growth, and innovation over the product life cycle. Amer. Econom. Rev. (1996) 86:562–583Google Scholar
• Klepper S., Baum J. A. C., McGahan A. M. Pre-entry experience and firm performance in the evolution of the U.S. automobile industry. Business Strategy over the Industry Lifecycle—Advances in Strategic Management (2004) 21(Elsevier Press, New York) 289–315Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kogut B., Zander U. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3:383–397Link, Google Scholar
• Langlois R. Economic change and the boundaries of the firm. J. Institutional Theoret. Econom. (1988) 4:635–657Google Scholar
• Langlois R., Robertson P. Explaining vertical integration: Lessons from the American automobile industry. J. Econom. Hist. (1989) 49:361–375Crossref, Google Scholar
• Langlois R., Robertson P. Networks and innovation in a modular system: Lessons from the microcomputer and stereo component industries. Res. Policy (1992) 21:297–313Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lawless M., Anderson P. Generational technological chang: Effects of innovation and local rivalry on performace. Acad. Management J. (1996) 39:1185–1217Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lester-Steele D.Automobile Specifications 1915–1945 (1960) (Colton, Detroit) Google Scholar
• Lyons B. Specific investment, economies of scale, and the make-or-buy decision: A test of transaction cost theory. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (1995) 26:431–444Crossref, Google Scholar
• Macher J. Technological development and the boundaries of the firm: A knowledge-based examination in semiconductor manufacturing. Management Sci. (2006) 52:826–843Link, Google Scholar
• Masten S. Transaction costs, mistakes, and performance: Assessing the importance of governance. Managerial Decision Econom. (1993) 14:119–130Crossref, Google Scholar
• Monteverde K. Technical dialog as an incentive for vertical integration in the semiconductor industry. Management Sci. (1995) 41:1624–1638Link, Google Scholar
• Monteverde K., Teece D. Supplier switching costs and vertical integration in the automobile industry. Bell J. Econom. (1982) 13:206–213Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mui V.-L. Contracting in the shadow of a corrupt court. J. Institutional Theoret. Econom. (1999) 155:249–283Google Scholar
• Nickerson J., Silverman B. Why firms want to organize efficiently and what keeps them from doing so: Evidence from the for-hire trucking industry. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2003) 3:433–465Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nickerson J., Hamilton B., Wada T. Market position, resource profile, and governance: Linking Porter and Williamson in the context of international courier and small package services in Japan. Strategic Management J. (2001) 22:251–274Crossref, Google Scholar
• North D.Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (1990) (Cambridge University Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Riordan M., Williamson O. E. Asset specificity and economic organization. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. (1985) 3:365–378Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sanchez R., Mahoney J. Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organizational design. Strategic Management J. (1996) 17:64–77Google Scholar
• Schilling M. Toward a general modular systems theory and its application to interfirm product modularity. Acad. Management Rev. (2000) 25:312–334Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shelanski H., Klein P. Empirical research in transaction cost economics. J. Law, Econom., Organ. (1995) 11:335–361Google Scholar
• Siggelkow N. Evolution toward fit. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2002) 47:125–159Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sinsabaugh C.Who Me? Forty Years of Automobile Industry History (1940) (Arnold-Powers, Detroit) Google Scholar
• Suarez F., Utterback J. Dominant designs and the survival of firms. Strategic Management J. (1995) 16:415–430Crossref, Google Scholar
• Takeishi A., Fujimoto T. Modularisation in the auto industry: Interlinked multiple hierarchies of product, production and supplier systems. Internat. J. Automotive Tech. Management (2001) 1:3–25Google Scholar
• Teece D. Firm organization, industrial structure, and technological innovation. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (1996) 31:193–224Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tuma N., Hannan M.Social Dynamics: Models and Methods (1984) (Academic Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Williamson O. E.Markets and Hierarchies (1975) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Williamson O. E.The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (1985) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Williamson O. E. Comparative economic organization: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36:269–296Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wolter C., Veloso F. The effects of innovation on vertical structure: Perspectives on transaction costs and competences. Acad. Management Rev. (2008) 33:586–605Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wooldridge J.Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data (2002) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar