Not Just a Formality: Pay System Formalization and Sex-Related Earnings Effects
Published Online:1 Dec 2002https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.13.6.601.499
References
- Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Indust. and Labor Relations Rev. (1977) 30:175–187Crossref, Google Scholar
- Patriarchal pressures: An exploration of organizational processes that exacerbate and erode gender earnings inequality. Work and Occupations (1995) 22:328–356Crossref, Google Scholar
- Task characteristics as a bridge between macro- and micro level research on salary inequality between men and women. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14:173–193Google Scholar
- Sex inequality at higher levels in the hierarchy: An intraorganizational perspective. Sociological Inquiry (1988) 58:216–227Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Cornwall R. R., Wurnava P. V. Organizational evidence of ascription in labor markets. New Approaches to Economic and Social Analyses of Discrimination (1991) (Praeger, New York) 113–143Google Scholar
- Bringing the firms back in: Stratification, segmentation, and the organization of work. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1980) 45:737–765Crossref, Google Scholar
- For what it's worth: Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1990) 55:155–175Crossref, Google Scholar
- Ask and you shall receive?: Beliefs about salary negotiation. (2001) . Unpublished manuscript, Graduate School of Management University of California, Irvine, CAGoogle Scholar
- Influences on managerial pay allocations: A dependency perspective. Personnel Psych. (1988) 41:361–378Crossref, Google Scholar
- Human Capital (1975) 2nd ed.(National Bureau of Economic Research, New York) Google Scholar
- The Economic Emergence of Women (1986) (Basic Books, New York) Google Scholar
- , Reskin B., Roos P. High finance small change: Women's increased representation in bank management. Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads Into Male Occupations (1990) (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) Google Scholar
- The Economics of Women, Men, and Work (1998) 3rd ed.(Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) Google Scholar
- Markets in hierarchies: Organizational and market influences on gender inequality in a state pay system. Amer. J. Sociology (1989) 95:616–658Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Rubery J. Women's pay in banking in the United Kingdom: Case study of XYZ Bank. Equal Pay in Europe? Closing the Gender Wage Gap (1998) (St. Martin's Press, Inc., New York) 213–230Google Scholar
- Gender earnings differentials in total pay, base pay, and contingent pay. Indust. and Labor Relations Rev. (1994) 47:634–649Crossref, Google Scholar
- Equal opportunity law and the construction of internal labor markets. Amer. J. Sociology (1993) 99:396–427Crossref, Google Scholar
- Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis (1971) (Heath, Lexington, MA) Google Scholar
- Modern Labor Economics (2000) 7th ed.(Addison Wesley Longman, New York) Google Scholar
- Agency- and institutional-theory explanations: The case of retail sales compensation. Acad. Management J. (1988) 31:488–511Crossref, Google Scholar
- Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1988) 53:544–558Crossref, Google Scholar
- Forbidden Grounds. The Case Against Employment Discrimination Laws (1993) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1990) 35:484–503Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Gilbert D. T., Fiske S. T., Lindzey G. Stereotyping prejudice, and discrimination. Handbook of Social Psychology (1998) (McGraw-Hill, New York) 357–411Google Scholar
- An integrative model of managerial reward allocation. Acad. Management Rev. (1980) 5:381–390Google Scholar
- , Dovidio J. F., Gaertner S. L. The aversive form of racism. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism (1986) (Academic Press, New York) 61–89Google Scholar
- Gender differences in current and starting salaries: The role of performance college major, and job title. Indus. and Labor Relations Rev. (1990) 43:418–433Crossref, Google Scholar
- Earnings and percent female: A longitudinal study. Indus. Relations (1991) 30:62–78Google Scholar
- Monitoring costs and occupational segregation by sex: A historical analysis. J. Labor Econom. (1986) 4:1–27Crossref, Google Scholar
- Compensation, Organization Strategy, and Firm Performance (1992) (Southwestern, Cincinnati, OH) Google Scholar
- , Powell G. N. Gender bias in interviewers' evaluations of applicants. Handbook of Gender and Work (1999) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) 145–164Crossref, Google Scholar
- The structure of the female/male wage differential: Is it who you are what you do, or where you work? J. Human Resources (1991) 26:457–472Crossref, Google Scholar
- Regression with Dummy Variables (1993) (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
- The impact of situational factors on personnel decisions concerning women: Varying the sex composition of the applicant pool. Organ. Behavior and Human Performance (1980) 26:386–395Crossref, Google Scholar
- Hewitt AssociatesEconomic conditions and the events of September 11 are prompting some companies to modify their 2002 salary increase projections (2002) . Retrieved January 30 2002, from 〈was.hewitt.com/ebusiness/compensationcenter〉Google Scholar
- When more is less. Sex composition, organizations, and earnings in U.S. firms. Work and Occupations (1997) 24:214–244Crossref, Google Scholar
- Where sex composition matters most: Comparing the effects of job versus occupational sex composition on earnings. Sociological Focus (1996) 29:189–207Crossref, Google Scholar
- Wages and unequal access to organizational power: An empirical test of gender discrimination. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1999) 44:453–472Crossref, Google Scholar
- The impact of human resource management practices on turnover productivity, and corporate financial performance. Acad. Management J. (1995) 38:635–647Crossref, Google Scholar
- Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 18:56–87Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Powell G. N. The sex segregation of occupations: Prospects for the 21st century. Handbook of Gender and Work (1999) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) 125–141Crossref, Google Scholar
- Employing Bureaucracy (1985) (Columbia University Press, New York) Google Scholar
- Men and Women of the Corporation (1977) (Basic Books, New York) Google Scholar
- A Woman's Wage: Historical Meanings and Social Consequences (1990) (The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) Google Scholar
- Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men. Amer. J. Sociology (1994) 100:689–719Crossref, Google Scholar
- Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices? Acad. Management J. (1995) 38:787–820Crossref, Google Scholar
- The content of our categories: A cognitive bias approach to discrimination and equal employment opportunity. Stanford Law Rev. (1995) 47:1161–1248Crossref, Google Scholar
- The black box of organizational demography. Organ. Sci. (1997) 8:1–22Link, Google Scholar
- Wages and sex composition: Why do women's jobs pay less? J. Labor Econom. (1995) 13:426–471Crossref, Google Scholar
- From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. Adv. in Experiment. Soc. Psych. (1994) 26:293–355Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Rowland K. M., Ferris G. R. A strategic perspective on compensation management. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (1988) 6(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 263–288Google Scholar
- Compensation (2002) 7th ed.(McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston, MA) Google Scholar
- Understanding Performance Appraisal (1995) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
- Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets, and Unequal Pay for Women in America (1999) (Cambridge University Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
- Women and Work: A Psychological Perspective (1981) (Praeger, New York) Google Scholar
- Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. Internat. Econom. Rev. (1973) 14:693–709Crossref, Google Scholar
- Internal Labor Markets (1984) (The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
- Choice of employment systems in internal labor markets. Indust. Relations. (1987) 26:45–67Google Scholar
- Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches. Acad. Management Rev. (1994) 19:786–820Google Scholar
- Separate and unequal: Occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. Amer. J. Sociology (1995) 101:329–365Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Arthur M. B., Hall D. T., Lawrence B. S. A political perspective on careers: Interests networks, and environments. Handbook of Career Theory (1989) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA) 380–396Crossref, Google Scholar
- The proximate causes of employment discrimination. Contemporary Sociology (2000) 29:319–329Crossref, Google Scholar
- Why not ascription? Organizations' employment of male and female managers. Amer. Sociological Rev. (2000) 65:210–233Crossref, Google Scholar
- Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads Into Male Occupations (1990) (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) Google Scholar
- , Powell G. The gender gap in earnings: Trends, explanations, and prospects. Handbook of Gender and Work (1999) (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA) 95–123Crossref, Google Scholar
- Influence of role pressures on the perceiver: Judgments of videotaped interviews varying judge accountability and responsibility. J. Appl. Psych. (1981) 66:437–441Crossref, Google Scholar
- Performance-related pay and the prospects for gender pay equity. J. Management Stud. (1995) 32:637–654Crossref, Google Scholar
- The crowding hypothesis and comparable worth. J. Human Resources (1990) 25:55–89Crossref, Google Scholar
- Agency theory and variable pay compensation strategies. Acad. Management J. (1996) 39:751–767Crossref, Google Scholar
- Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (1982) (Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K) Google Scholar
- Sex segregation and occupational gender inequality in the United States: Devaluation or specialized training? Amer. J. Sociology (1997) 102:1652–1692Crossref, Google Scholar
- Demographic Differences in Organizations: Current Research and Future Directions (1999) (Lexington Books, Lanham, MD) Google Scholar
- U.S. Department of Labor Employment standards administration press release: Texaco to pay $3.1 million to women professionals and executives in largest pay discrimination settlement. (1999) . Retrieved January 6, 〈http://dol.gov/opa/public/media/press/esa/〉Google Scholar
- , Gerth H. H., Mills C. W. Bureaucracy. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (1946) (Oxford University Press, New York) 196–244trans.Google Scholar
- Current Practices in Stock Option Plan Design (2001) 2nd ed.(The National Center for Employee Ownership, Oakland, CA) Google Scholar

