Full of It: Strategic Lying, Epistemic Conflict, and Issue Field Polarization

References

• Aday S, Livingston S, Hebert M (2005) Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq War. Internat. J. Press/Politics 10(1):3–21.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Americo BL, Clegg S (2025) Professional credibility cycles in education: Constructing trust and expertise in a regulated state school system. Organization, ePub ahead of print February 25, https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084251321024.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amis J (2023) The power of photographs in framing contests. IPPR Progressive Rev. 30(1):33–38.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bandy J, Diakopoulos N (2021) Curating quality? How Twitter’s timeline algorithm treats different types of news. Soc. Media Soc. 7(3):1–17.Google Scholar
• Barnes JA (1994) A Pack of Lies: Towards a Sociology of Lying (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barros M (2014) Tools of legitimacy: The case of the Petrobras corporate blog. Organ. Stud. 35(8):1211–1230.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barthel M, Mitchell A, Holcomb J (2016) Many Americans believe fake news is sowing confusion. Pew Research (December 15), https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/12/15/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/#sense-that-fake-news-causes-confusion-crosses-party-and-demographic-lines.Google Scholar
• Bauman Z (1989) Modernity and the Holocaust (Polity, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Bennett WL, Iyengar S (2008) A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. J. Comm. 58(4):707–731.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berger PL, Luckmann T (1967) The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Doubleday, Garden City, NY).Google Scholar
• Bialik K, Geiger AW (2016) Republicans, Democrats find common ground on many provisions of health care law. Pew Research (December 8), https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/12/08/partisans-on-affordable-care-act-provisions/.Google Scholar
• Bitektine A, Haack P (2015) The “macro” and the “micro” of legitimacy: Toward a multilevel theory of the legitimacy process. Acad. Management Rev. 40(1):49–75.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Block D (2019) Post-Truth and Political Discourse (Palgrave MacMillan, Cham, Switzerland).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bok S (1978) Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (Vintage, New York).Google Scholar
• Bond CFJ, DePaulo BM (2006) Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality Soc. Psych. Rev. 10(3):214–234.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bouchaud P (2024) Skewed perspectives: Examining the influence of engagement maximization on content diversity in social media news feeds. J. Computational Soc. Sci. 7:721–739. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Boyle P, Gray N, Henningfield J, Seffrin J, Zatoński WA (2010) Tobacco: Science, Policy, and Public Health, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brown AD, Ainsworth S, Grant D (2012) The rhetoric of institutional change. Organ. Stud. 33(3):297–321.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buchanan S, Ruebottom T, Riaz S (2018) Categorizing competence: Consumer debt and the reproduction of gender-based status differences. Organ. Stud. 39(9):1179–1202.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buchanan S, Ruebottom T, Riaz S (2025) Edit wars: Framing contests, argument structure, and the meaning of inequality at Wikipedia. Acad. Management Discoveries, ePub ahead of print February 4, https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2023.0219.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Budd K, Kelsey D, Mueller F, Whittle A (2019) Metaphor, morality and legitimacy: A critical discourse analysis of the media framing of the payday loan industry. Organization 26(6):802–829.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Campa D, Laguecir A (2025) The auditors and the media as central actors in accounting fraud and scandal. Critical Perspect. Accounting 101:102787.Crossref, Google Scholar
• CDC (2025) Measles cases and outbreaks. (June 25), https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html.Google Scholar
• Christensen LT, Kärreman D, Rasche A (2019) Bullshit and organization studies. Organ. Stud. 40(10):1587–1600.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clemente M, Gabbioneta C (2017) How does the media frame corporate scandals? The case of German newspapers and the Volkswagen diesel scandal. J. Management Inquiry 26(3):287–302.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clemente M, Durand R, Porac JF (2016) Organizational wrongdoing and media bias. Palmer D, Smith-Crowe K, Greenwood R, eds. Organizational Wrongdoing: Key Perspectives and New Directions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 435–473.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cornelissen JP, Durand R, Fiss PC, Lammers JC, Vaara E (2015) Putting communication front and center in institutional analysis. Acad. Management Rev. 40(1):10–27.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Creed WED, Taylor S, Hudson BA (2020) Institutional aesthetics: Embodied ways of encountering, evaluating, and enacting institutions. Organ. Stud. 41(3):415–435.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cummings KM, Proctor RN (2014) The changing public image of smoking in the United States: 1964–2014. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 23(1):32–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dalen JE, Waterbrook K, Alpert JS (2015) Why do so many Americans oppose the Affordable Care Act? Amer. J. Medicine 128(8):807–810.Crossref, Google Scholar
• d’Ancona M (2017) Post-Truth: The New War on Truth and How to Fight Back (Random House, New York).Google Scholar
• Deer B (2020) The Doctor Who Fooled the World: Andrew Wakefield’s War on Vaccines (Scribe, Melbourne, Australia).Crossref, Google Scholar
• DellaPosta D (2020) Pluralistic collapse: The “oil spill” model of mass opinion polarization. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 85(3):507–536.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DePaulo BM, Ansfield ME, Kirkendol SE, Boden JM (2004) Serious lies. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. 26(2–3):147–167.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DePaulo BM, Kashy DA, Kirkendol SE, Wyer MM, Epstein JA (1996) Lying in everyday life. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 70(5):979–995.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeStefano F, Shimabukuro TT (2019) The MMR vaccine and autism. Annual Rev. Virology 6(1):585–600.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Diaz Ruiz C (2025) Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach. New Media Soc. 27(4):2188–2211.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiMaggio PJ (1983) State expansion and organizational fields. Hall RH, Quinn RE, eds. Organizational Theory and Public Policy (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA), 147–161.Google Scholar
• DiMaggio PJ (1988) Interest and agency in institutional theory. Zucker LG, ed. Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment (Ballinger, Cambridge, MA), 3–22.Google Scholar
• DiMaggio PJ, Powell WW (1983) The iron cage revisited: Collective rationality and institutional isomorphism in organizational fields. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 48(2):147–160.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiResta R (2020) On virality: How the anti-vaccine movement influences public discourse through online activism. The Lancet and Financial Times Commission on Governing Health Futures 2030: Growing up in a Digital World (July 15), https://www.governinghealthfutures2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/072020_Renee-DiResta_On-virality-How-the-antivaccine-movement-influences-public-discourse-through-online-activism.pdf.Google Scholar
• DiResta R (2024) Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality (PublicAffairs, New York).Google Scholar
• Dunleavy KN, Chory RM, Goodboy AK (2010) Responses to deception in the workplace: Perceptions of credibility, power, and trustworthiness. Comm. Stud. 61(2):239–255.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Durkee A (2024) Smartmatic settles with Newsmax: Here’s where it and Dominion’s other lawsuits stand. Forbes (September 26), https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2024/09/26/smartmatic-goes-to-trial-against-newsmax-today-heres-where-it-and-dominions-other-lawsuits-stand/.Google Scholar
• ECDC (2025) Measles on the rise again in Europe: Time to check your vaccination status. (March 11), https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/measles-rise-again-europe-time-check-your-vaccination-status.Google Scholar
• Eilperin J (2009) Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center. Washington Post (November 21), https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112004093.html.Google Scholar
• Elsbach KD, Bhattacharya CB (2001) Defining who you are by what you’re not: Organizational disidentification and the National Rifle Association. Organ. Sci. 12(4):393–413.Link, Google Scholar
• Elsbach KD, Barr PS, Hargadon AB (2005) Identifying situated cognition in organizations. Organ. Sci. 16(4):422–433.Link, Google Scholar
• Entman RM (1993) Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. J. Comm. 43(4):51–58.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Erat S, Gneezy U (2012) White lies. Management Sci. 58(4):723–733.Link, Google Scholar
• Erkama N, Vaara E (2010) Struggles over legitimacy in global organizational restructuring: A rhetorical perspective on legitimation strategies and dynamics in a shutdown case. Organ. Stud. 31(7):813–839.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Etter M, Ravasi D, Colleoni E (2019) Social media and the formation of organizational reputation. Acad. Management Rev. 44(1):28–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Feldman L, Maibach EW, Roser-Renouf C, Leiserowitz A (2012) Climate on cable: The nature and impact of global warming coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC. Internat. J. Press/Politics 17(1):3–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fligstein N (1997) Social skill and institutional theory. Amer. Behav. Scientist 40(4):397–405.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frankfurt HG (2005) On Bullshit (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Friedland R, Alford RR (1991) Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices and institutional contradictions. Powell WW, DiMaggio PJ, eds. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL), 232–267.Google Scholar
• Fumerton R (2006) Epistemology (Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA).Google Scholar
• Galande AS, Mathmann F, Ariza-Rojas C, Torgler B, Garbas J (2023) You are lying! How misinformation accusations spread on Twitter. Internet Res. 33(5):1907–1927.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gamson WA, Modigliani A (1989) Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. Amer. J. Sociol. 95(1):1–37.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Garrett RK, Weeks BE, Neo RL (2016) Driving a wedge between evidence and beliefs: How online ideological news exposure promotes political misperceptions. J. Comput. Mediated Comm. 21(5):331–348.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Garud R, Gehman J, Karunakaran A (2014) Boundaries, breaches, and bridges: The case of Climategate. Res. Policy 43(1):60–73.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giorgi S (2017) The heart and mind of resonance: The role of cognition and emotion in frame effectiveness. J. Management Stud. 54(5):711–738.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Glynn MA, Lounsbury M (2005) From the critics’ corner: Logic blending, discursive change and authenticity in a cultural production system. J. Management Stud. 42(5):1031–1055.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011) Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 342:c5347.Google Scholar
• Goodrick E, Reay T (2011) Constellations of institutional logics: Changes in the professional work of pharmacists. Work Occupations 38(3):372–416.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goodrick E, Jarvis LC, Reay T (2020) Preserving a professional institution: Emotion in discursive institutional work. J. Management Stud. 57(4):735–774.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Graves L (2016) Deciding What’s True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism (Columbia University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Green SE (2004) A rhetorical theory of diffusion. Acad. Management Rev. 29(4):653–669.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Green SE, Li Y, Nohria N (2009) Suspended in self-spun webs of significance: A rhetorical model of institutionalization and institutionally embedded agency. Acad. Management J. 52(1):11–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenwood R, Suddaby R (2006) Institutional entrepreneurship in mature fields: The Big Five accounting firms. Acad. Management J. 49(1):27–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenwood R, Suddaby R, Hinings CR (2002) Theorizing change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Acad. Management J. 45(1):58–80.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gurses K, Ozcan P (2015) Entrepreneurship in regulated markets: Framing contests and collective action to introduce pay TV in the U.S. Acad. Management J. 58(6):1709–1739.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hahl O, Kim M, Zuckerman Sivan EW (2018) The authentic appeal of the lying demagogue: Proclaiming the deeper truth about political illegitimacy. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 83(1):1–33.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hardy C, Maguire S (2010) Discourse, field-configuring events, and change in organizations and institutional fields: Narratives of DDT and the Stockholm Convention. Acad. Management J. 53(6):1365–1392.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harmon DJ (2018) When the Fed speaks: Arguments, emotions, and the microfoundations of institutions. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(3):542–575.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heffer C (2020) All Bullshit and Lies? Insincerity, Irresponsibility, and the Judgment of Untruthfulness (Oxford University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heffernan O (2010) “Climategate” scientist speaks out. Nature (February 15), https://www.nature.com/news/2010/100215/full/news.2010.71.html.Google Scholar
• Heracleous L, Barrett M (2001) Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of information technology implementation. Acad. Management J. 44(4):755–778.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Herepath A, Kitchener M (2016) When small bandages fail: The field-level repair of severe and protracted institutional breaches. Organ. Stud. 37(8):1113–1139.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Herrick JA (2001) The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction (Allyn & Bacon, Boston).Google Scholar
• Hindenburg Research (2020) Nikola: How to parlay an ocean of lies into a partnership with the largest auto OEM in America. (September 10), https://hindenburgresearch.com/nikola/.Google Scholar
• Hoffman AJ (1999) Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the U.S. chemical industry. Acad. Management J. 42(4):351–371.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Holan AD (2013) Lie of the year: “If you like your health care plan, you can keep it.” Politifact (December 12), https://www.politifact.com/article/2013/dec/12/lie-year-if-you-like-your-health-care-plan-keep-it/.Google Scholar
• Hutchens MJ, Hmielowski JD, Beam MA (2019) Reinforcing spirals of political discussion and affective polarization. Comm. Monographs 86(3):357–376.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hwang H, Kim Y, Kim Y (2018) Influence of discussion incivility on deliberation: An examination of the mediating role of moral indignation. Comm. Res. 45(2):213–240.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Iyengar S, Lelkes Y, Levendusky M, Malhotra N, Westwood SJ (2019) The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Rev. Political Sci. 22:122–146.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jarvis LC (2017) Feigned versus felt: Feigning behaviors and the dynamics of institutional logics. Acad. Management Rev. 42(2):306–333.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jarvis LC, Goodrick E, Hudson BA (2019) Where the heart functions best: Reactive-affective conflict and the disruptive work of animal rights organizations. Acad. Management J. 62(5):1358–1387.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jay J (2013) Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations. Acad. Management J. 56(1):137–159.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jenkins S, Delbridge R (2016) Tusted to deceive: A case study of “strategic deception” and the normalization of lying at work. Organ. Stud. 38(1):53–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jeong YC, Kim TY (2019) Between legitimacy and efficiency: An institutional theory of corporate giving. Acad. Management J. 62(5):1583–1608.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jing EL, Goodrick E, Reay T, Huq JL (2024) Issue fields and echo chambers: Increasing field contestation fueled by moral emotions. Organ. Stud. 45(12):1713–1740.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones DA (2002) The polarizing effect of new media messages. Internat. J. Public Opinion Res. 14(2):158–174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kaplan S (2008) Framing contests: Strategy making under uncertainty. Organ. Sci. 19(5):729–752.Link, Google Scholar
• Kata A (2012) Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm—An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine 30(25):3778–3789.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kenski K, Filer CR, Conway-Silva BA (2018) Lying, liars, and lies: Incivility in 2016 Presidential candidate and campaign tweets during the invisible primary. Amer. Behav. Scientist 62(3):286–299.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kessler G (2006) Final opinion in United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. Report, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• Khan FR, Munir KM, Willmott H (2007) A dark side of institutional entrepreneurship: Soccer balls, child labour and postcolonial impoverishment. Organ. Stud. 28(7):1055–1077.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Kim Y (2019) Incivility on Facebook and political polarization: The mediating role of seeking further comments and negative emotion. Comput. Human Behav. 99:219–227.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kingstone P (2004) Critical issues in Brazil's energy sector: The long (and uncertain) march to energy privatization in Brazil. The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University (March), https://www.bakerinstitute.org/sites/default/files/2013-08/import/the-long-and-uncertain-march-to-energy-privatization-in-brazil.pdf.Google Scholar
• Kisfalvi V, Maguire S (2011) On the nature of institutional entrepreneurs: Insights from the life of Rachel Carson. J. Management Inquiry 20(2):152–177.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein J, Amis JM (2021) The dynamics of framing: Image, emotion, and the European migration crisis. Acad. Management J. 64(5):1324–1354.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kodeih F, Greenwood R (2014) Responding to institutional complexity: The role of identity. Organ. Stud. 35(1):7–39.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kramer MW (2017) Sensemaking. Scott CR, Lewis LK, Barker JR, Keyton J, Kuhn T, Turner PK, eds. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ), 1–10.Google Scholar
• Kraatz M, Block E (2017). Institutional pluralism revisited. Greenwood R, Oliver C, Suddaby R, Meyer R, eds. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2nd ed. (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 532–557.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kubin E, von Sikorski C (2021) The role of (social) media in political polarization: A systematic review. Ann. Internat. Comm. Assoc. 45(3):188–206.Google Scholar
• Kübler RV, Manke K, Pauwels K (2025) I like, I share, I vote: Mapping the dynamic system of political marketing. J. Bus. Res. 186(115014):1–16.Google Scholar
• Lauer L (2024) Similar Practice, Different Rationales: Political Fact-Checking Around the World (Springer, Wiesbaden, Germany).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lawrence TB, Phillips N (2004) From Moby Dick to Free Willy: Macro-cultural discourse and institutional entrepreneurship in emerging institutional fields. Organization 11(5):689–711.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lefsrud LM, Meyer RE (2012) Science or science fiction? Professionals’ discursive construction of climate change. Organ. Stud. 33(11):1477–1506.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM (2018) Social media and the development of shared cognition: The roles of network expansion, content integration, and triggered recalling. Organ. Sci. 29(4):547–568.Link, Google Scholar
• Levine EE, Schweitzer ME (2015) Prosocial lies: When deception breeds trust. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 126:88–106.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lupoli MJ, Jampol L, Oveis C (2017) Lying because we care: Compassion increases prosocial lying. J. Experiment. Psych. 146(7):1026–1042.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maclean M, Harvey C, Suddaby R, O’Gorman K (2017) Political ideology and the discursive construction of the multinational hotel industry. Human Relations 71(6):766–795.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maguire S, Hardy C (2009) Discourse and deinstitutionalization: The decline of DDT. Acad. Management J. 52(1):148–178.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maguire S, Hardy C, Lawrence TB (2004) Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields: HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada. Acad. Management J. 47(5):657–679.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maitlis S (2005) The social processes of organizational sensemaking. Acad. Management J. 48(1):21–49.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maitlis S, Christianson M (2014) Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and moving forward. Acad. Management Ann. 8(1):57–125.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Martí I, Fernández P (2013) The institutional work of oppression and resistance: Learning from the Holocaust. Organ. Stud. 34(8):1195–1223.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mason L (2015) “I disrespectfully agree”: The differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization. Amer. J. Political Sci. 59(1):128–145.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McAdam D, Kloos K (2014) Deeply Divided: Racial Politics and Social Movements in Postwar America (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• McCarthy L, Glozer S (2022) Heart, mind and body: #NoMorePage3 and the replenishment of emotional energy. Organ. Stud. 43(3):369–394.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyer RE, Höllerer MA (2010) Meaning structures in a contested issue field: A topographic map of shareholder value in Austria. Acad. Management J. 53(6):1241–1262.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moisander JK, Hirsto H, Fahy KM (2016) Emotions in institutional work: A discursive perspective. Organ. Stud. 37(7):963–990.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Munir KA (2020) Challenging institutional theory’s critical credentials. Organ. Theory 1(1):1–10.Google Scholar
• Nicolini D, Delmestri G, Goodrick E, Reay T, Lindberg K, Adolfsson P (2016) Look what’s back! Institutional complexity, reversibility and the knotting of logics. British J. Management 27(2):228–248.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nieminen S, Rapeli L (2018) Fighting misperceptions and doubting journalists’ objectivity: A review of fact-checking literature. Political Stud. Rev. 17(3):296–309.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nyberg D (1993) The Varnished Truth: Truth Telling and Deceiving in Ordinary Life (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Nyberg D, Wright C, Kirk J (2020) Fracking the future: The temporal portability of frames in political contests. Organ. Stud. 41(2):175–196.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ocasio W, Loewenstein J, Nigam A (2015) How streams of communication reproduce and change institutional logics: The role of categories. Acad. Management Rev. 40(1):28–48.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oliver C (1992) The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Organ. Stud. 13(4):563–588.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oreskes N, Conway EM (2010) Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (Bloomsbury Press, New York).Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan M, Frank MG, Hurley CM, Tiwana J (2009) Police lie detection accuracy: The effect of lie scenario. Law Human Behav. 33(6):530–538.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pache AC, Santos F (2010) When worlds collide: The internal dynamics of organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. Acad. Management Rev. 35(3):455–476.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Peters JW, Robertson K (2023) Fox stars privately expressed disbelief about election fraud claims. “Crazy stuff.” New York Times (February 16), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/business/media/fox-dominion-lawsuit.html.Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center (2022) As partisan hostility grows, signs of frustration with the two-party system. (August 9), https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/08/09/as-partisan-hostility-grows-signs-of-frustration-with-the-two-party-system/.Google Scholar
• Phillips N, Hardy C (2002) Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips N, Malhotra N (2008) Taking social construction seriously: Extending the discursive approach in institutional theory. Greenwood R, Oliver C, Sahlin K, Suddaby R, eds. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 702–720.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips N, Malhotra N (2017) Language, cognition and institutions: Studying institutionalization using linguistic methods. Greenwood R, Oliver C, Suddaby R, Meyer R, eds. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2nd ed. (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 392–417.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips N, Lawrence TB, Hardy C (2004) Discourse and institutions. Acad. Management Rev. 29(4):635–652.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierson P, Schickler E (2020) Madison’s Constitution under stress: A developmental analysis of political polarization. Annual Rev. Political Sci. 23:37–58.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Porter AJ, Hellsten I (2014) Investigating participatory dynamics through social media using a multideterminant “frame” approach: The case of Climategate on YouTube. J. Comput. Mediated Comm. 19(4):1024–1041.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Powell WW, Rerup C (2017) Opening the black box: Micro-foundations of institutional theory. Greenwood R, Oliver C, Lawrence TB, Meyer RE, eds. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2nd ed. (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 329–355.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Prior M (2013) Media and political polarization. Annual Rev. Political Sci. 16:101–127.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Purdy JM, Gray B (2009) Conflicting logics, mechanisms of diffusion, and multilevel dynamics in emerging institutional fields. Acad. Management J. 52(2):355–380.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ramus T, Vaccaro A, Brusoni S (2017) Institutional complexity in turbulent times: Formalization, collaboration, and the emergence of blended logics. Acad. Management J. 60(4):1253–1284.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Reay T, Hinings CR (2009) Managing the rivalry of competing institutional logics. Organ. Stud. 30(6):629–652.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Riaz S, Buchanan S, Bapuji H (2011) Institutional work amidst the financial crisis: Emerging positions of elite actors. Organization 18(2):187–214.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rid T (2021) Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation & Political Warfare (Profile Books, London).Google Scholar
• Rodriguez NJ (2025) Anti-vaxxers: Wakefiled and the autism scare. Berube DM, ed. Pandemic Resilience: Vaccination Resistance and Hesitance, Lessons from COVID-19 (Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland), 69–82.Google Scholar
• Rojas F (2010) Power through institutional work: Acquiring academic authority in the 1968 Third World Strike. Acad. Management J. 53(6):1263–1280.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rouleau L, Balogun J (2011) Middle managers, strategic sensemaking, and discursive competence. J. Management Stud. 48(5):953–983.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Russell Report (2010) The independent climate change e-mails review. University of East Anglia (July), https://www.uea.ac.uk/f/185167/x/a14880ea53/the-independent-climate-change-email-review.pdf.Google Scholar
• Schneiberg M (2007) What’s on the path? Path dependence, organizational diversity and the problem of institutional change in the US economy, 1900–1950. Socio-Econom. Rev. 5(1):47–80.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Serota KB, Levine TR, Boster FJ (2010) The prevalence of lying in America: Three studies of self-reported lies. Human Comm. Res. 36(1):2–25.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Serota KB, Levine TR, Docan-Morgan T (2022) Unpacking variation in lie prevalence: Prolific liars, bad lie days, or both? Comm. Monographs 89(3):307–331.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Slater MD (2007) Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity. Comm. Theory 17(3):281–303.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Slater MD (2015) Reinforcing spirals model: Conceptualizing the relationship between media content exposure and the development and maintenance of attitudes. Media Psych. 18(3):370–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Smith TC (2017) Vaccine rejection and hesitancy: A review and call to action. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4(3):1–7.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stroud NJ (2007) Media effects, selective exposure, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Political Comm. 24(4):415–432.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stroud NJ (2010) Polarization and partisan selective exposure. J. Comm. 60(3):556–576.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Suddaby R, Greenwood R (2005) Rhetorical strategies of legitimacy. Admin. Sci. Quart. 50(1):35–67.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Swire-Thompson B, Ecker UKH, Lewandowsky S, Berinsky AJ (2020) They might be a liar but they’re my liar: Source evaluation and the prevalence of misinformation. Political Psych. 41(1):21–34.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tapia A (2021) 10 worst countries for greenhouse gas emissions since 1990. Newsweek (November 9), https://www.newsweek.com/worst-countries-2021-greenhouse-gas-emissions-climate-cop26-china-united-states-1645399.Google Scholar
• Terkourafi M (2018) Lying and politeness. Meibauer J, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Lying (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK), 382–396.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Toubiana M, Zietsma C (2017) The message is on the wall? Emotions, social media and the dynamics of institutional complexity. Acad. Management J. 60(3):922–953.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tyler JM, Feldman RS, Reichert A (2006) The price of deceptive behavior: Disliking and lying to people who lie to us. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 42(1):69–77.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vasek ME (1986) Lying as a skill: The development of deception in children. Mitchell RW, Thompson NS, eds. Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit (State of New York Press, New York), 271–292.Google Scholar
• Viswanath K, Ramanadhan S, Kontos EZ (2007) Mass media. Galea S, ed. Macrosocial Determinants of Population Health (Springer, New York), 275–294.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Voronov M, Vince R (2012) Integrating emotions into the analysis of institutional work. Acad. Management Rev. 37(1):58–81.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Voronov M, Weber K (2016) The heart of institutions: Emotional competence and institutional actorhood. Acad. Management Rev. 41(3):456–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Walczyk JJ, Harris LL, Duck TK, Mulay D (2014) A social-cognitive framework for understanding serious lies: Activation-decision-construction-action theory. New Ideas Psych. 34:22–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wang MS, Tracey P (2024) Anti-stigma organizing in the age of social media: How social movement organizations leverage affordances to build solidarity. Acad. Management Rev. 49(4):799–823.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Washington H, Cook J (2011) Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand (Earthscan, Abingdon, UK).Google Scholar
• Wayland M (2021) Grand jury indicts Trevor Milton, founder of electric carmaker Nikola, on three counts of fraud. CNBC (July 29), https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/29/us-prosecutors-charge-trevor-milton-founder-of-electric-carmaker-nikola-with-three-counts-of-fraud.html.Google Scholar
• Weeks BE (2018) Media and political misperceptions. Southwell BG, Thorson EA, Sheble L, eds. Misinformation and Mass Audiences (University of Texas Press, Austin, TX), 140–156.Crossref, Google Scholar
• West EA, Iyengar S (2022) Partisanship as a social identity: Implications for polarization. Political Behav. 44:807–838.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wijaya HR, Heugens P (2018) Give me a hallelujah! Amen! Institutional reproduction in the presence of moral perturbation and the dynamics of emotional investment. Organ. Stud. 39(4):491–514.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xu F, Bao X, Fu G, Talwar V, Lee K (2010) Lying and truth-telling in children: From concept to action. Child Development 81(2):581–596.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yang M (2023) Compare the election-fraud claims Fox News aired with what its stars knew. NPR Media (February 18), https://www.npr.org/2023/02/18/1157972219/fox-news-election-fraud-claims-vs-what-they-knew.Google Scholar
• Zietsma C, Lawrence TB (2010) Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(2):189–221.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zietsma C, Groenewegen P, Logue DM, Hinings CR (2017) Field or fields? Building the scaffolding for cumulation of research on institutional fields. Acad. Management Ann. 11(1):391–450.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zilber TB (2002) Institutionalization as an interplay between actions, meanings, and actors: The case of a rape crisis center in Israel. Acad. Management J. 45(1):234–254.Crossref, Google Scholar