The authors gratefully acknowledge the data and support from Wharton Customer Analytics (WCA). The authors thank the senior editor, associate editor, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. The authors also thank seminar participants at the Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, the China Summer Workshop on Information Management (2019), the INFORMS Data Science Workshop (2019), the Conference on Information Systems and Technology (2019), the Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Business Analytics (2019), the Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems (2021), the KDD Workshop on Machine Learning for Consumers and Markets (2021), and the Data Science in a Digital World: Methodology, Organization, and Management Workshop (2022) for helpful feedback.
