The authors thank the participants of the INFORMS Society for Marketing Science 2022 Marketing Science Conference, the Summer Institute in Competitive Strategy 2023 Conference, the Yale Junior Quant Marketing Conference 2022, and the Kellogg Marketing Seminar 2023 for their feedback. The authors also thank Shirsho Biswas, Simha Mummalaneni, Omid Rafieian, and Frederico Rossi for their extensive comments and help that have significantly improved the paper. The empirical exercise contains the researcher(s)’ own analyses calculated (or derived) based in part on data from Nielsen Consumer LLC and marketing databases provided through the NielsenIQ data sets at the Kilts Center for Marketing Data Center at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The conclusions drawn from the NielsenIQ data are those of the researcher(s) and do not reflect the views of NielsenIQ. NielsenIQ is not responsible for, had no role in, and was not involved in analyzing and preparing the results reported herein.