Working in the Age of Ubiquitous Scrutiny: How External Monitoring Legitimates Organizational Monitoring

References

• Abbott A (1988) The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (University of Chicago Press, Chicago). Crossref, Google Scholar
• Adler PS, Borys B (1996) Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Admin. Sci. Quart. 41(1):61–89.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ahrens T, Chapman CS (2004) Accounting for flexibility and efficiency: A field study of management control systems in a restaurant chain. Contemporary Accounting Res. 21(2):271–301.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aiello JR, Kolb KJ (1995) Electronic performance monitoring and social context: Impact on productivity and stress. J. Appl. Psych. 80(3):339–353.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aiello JR, Svec CM (1993) Computer monitoring of work performance: Extending the social facilitation framework to electronic presence. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 23(7):537–548.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Albu OB, Etter M (2016) Hypertextuality and social media: A study of the constitutive and paradoxical implications of organizational Twitter use. Management Comm. Quart. 30(1):5–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alge BJ (2001) Effects of computer surveillance on perceptions of privacy and procedural justice. J. Appl. Psych. 86(4):797–804.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alge BJ, Hansen SD (2014) Workplace monitoring and surveillance research since “1984”: A review and agenda. Coovert MD, Thompson LF, eds. The Psychology of Workplace Technology (Routledge, New York), 209–237.Google Scholar
• Amick BC, Smith MJ (1992) Stress, computer-based work monitoring and measurement systems: A conceptual overview. Appl. Ergonomics 23(1):6–16.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anteby M, Chan CK (2018) A self-fulfilling cycle of coercive surveillance: Workers’ invisibility practices and organizational justification. Organ. Sci. 29(2):247–263.Link, Google Scholar
• Ariel B (2016) Police body cameras in large police departments. J. Criminal Law Criminology 106(4):729–768.Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Rogers KM, Pratt MG, Pradies C (2014) Ambivalence in organizations: A multilevel approach. Organ. Sci. 25(5):1453–1478.Link, Google Scholar
• Attewell P (1987) Big brother and the sweatshop: Computer surveillance in the automated office. Sociol. Theory 5(1):87–100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ball K (2010) Workplace surveillance: An overview. Labor History 51(1):87–106.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ball K (2022) Surveillance in the workplace: Past, present and future. Surveillance Soc. 20(4):455–461.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ball K, Haggerty KD, Lyon D, eds. (2012) Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies (Routledge, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barker JR (1993) Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams. Admin. Sci. Quart. 38(3):408–437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bartels LK, Nordstrom CR (2012) Examining big brother’s purpose for using electronic performance monitoring. Performance Improvement Quart. 25(2):65–77.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bastian B, Haslam N (2011) Experiencing dehumanization: Cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. 33(4):295–303.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bernstein ES (2012) The transparency paradox: A role for privacy in organizational learning and operational control. Admin. Sci. Quart. 57(2):181–216.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bernstein ES (2017) Making transparency transparent: The evolution of observation in management theory. Acad. Management Ann. 11(1):217–266.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bhave KP (2014) The invisible eye? Electronic performance monitoring and employee job performance. Personality Psych. 67(3):605–635.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brucato B (2015) Policing made visible: Mobile technologies and the importance of point of view. Surveillance Soc. 13(3/4):455–473.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brucato B (2016) Standing by police violence: On the constitution of the ideal citizen as sousveiller. Amer. Stud. J. 61:6.Google Scholar
• Burawoy M (1979) The anthropology of industrial work. Ann. Rev. Anthropology 8(1):231–266.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cameron LD (2021) “Making out” while driving: Relational and efficiency games in the gig economy. Organ. Sci. 33(1):231–252.Link, Google Scholar
• Cameron LD (2024) The making of the “good bad” job: How algorithmic management manufactures consent through constant and confined choices. Admin. Sci. Quart. 69(2):458–514.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cameron LD, Rahman H (2022) Expanding the locus of resistance: Understanding the co-constitution of control and resistance in the gig economy. Organ. Sci. 33(1):38–58.Link, Google Scholar
• Cardinal LB (2001) Technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: The use of organizational control in managing research and development. Organ. Sci. 12(1):19–36.Link, Google Scholar
• Cardinal LB, Kreutzer M, Miller CC (2017) An aspirational view of organizational control research: Re-invigorating empirical work to better meet the challenges of 21st century organization. Acad. Management Ann. 11(2):559–592.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chan CK, Hedden LN (2023) The role of discernment and modulation in enacting occupational values: How career advising professionals navigate tensions with clients. Acad. Management J. 66(1):276–305.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chan J, Wang J (2018) Hiring preferences in online labor markets: Evidence of a female hiring bias. Management Sci. 64(7):2973–2994.Link, Google Scholar
• Charmaz K (2014) Constructing Grounded Theory, 2nd ed. (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Choudhury V, Sabherwal R (2003) Portfolios of control in outsourced software development projects. Inform. Systems Res. 14(3):291–314.Link, Google Scholar
• Christin A (2017) Algorithms in practice: Comparing web journalism and criminal justice. Big Data Soc. 4(2):1–14.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Collinson DL (1999) ‘Surviving the rigs’: Safety and surveillance on North Sea oil installations. Organ. Stud. 20(4):579–600.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Corley KG, Gioia DA (2004) Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Admin. Sci. Quart. 49(2):173–208.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Creswell JW (1998) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Curchod C, Patriotta G, Cohen L, Neysen N (2020) Working for an algorithm: Power asymmetries and agency in online work settings. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(3):644–676.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davidson E, Pai D (2004) Making sense of technology frames: Promise, progress, and potential. Kaplan B, Tuex DP, Wastell D, Wood-Harper AR, eds. Information Systems Research: Relevant Theory and Informed Practice (Kluwer, Boston, MA), 473–491.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Jong BA, Bijlsma-Frankema KM, Cardinal LB (2014) Stronger than the sum of its parts? The performance implications of peer control combinations in teams. Organ. Sci. 25(6):1703–1721.Link, Google Scholar
• de Vaujany F-X, Leclercq-Vandelannoitte A, Munro I, Nama Y, Holt R (2021) Control and surveillance in work practice: Cultivating paradox in ‘new’ modes of organizing. Organ. Stud. 42(5):675–695.Crossref, Google Scholar
• den Nieuwenboer NA, da Cunha JV, Treviño LK (2017) Middle managers and corruptive routine translation: The social production of deceptive performance. Organ. Sci. 28(5):781–803.Link, Google Scholar
• Dennis K (2008) Keeping a close watch—The rise of self-surveillance and the threat of digital exposure. Sociol. Rev. 56(3):347–357.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeSanctis G, Poole MS (1994) Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive structuration theory. Organ. Sci. 5(2):121–147.Link, Google Scholar
• Doolin B (2004) Power and resistance in the implementation of a medical management information system. Inform. Systems J. 14(4):343–362.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Edwards R (1979) Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Enzle ME, Sharon SC, Anderson C (1993) Surveilled intentions and intrinsic motivation. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 64(2):257–266.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Espeland WN, Sauder M (2007) Rankings and reactivity: How public measures recreate social worlds. Amer. J. Sociol. 113(1):1–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Espeland WN, Sauder M (2016) Engines of Anxiety, Academic Rankings, Reputation, and Accountability (Russell Sage Foundation, New York).Google Scholar
• Evans D (2015) Police body cameras: Mending fences and how Pittsburgh is a leading example. Pittsburgh J. Tech. Law Policy 16(1):76–92.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fan MD (2019) Camera Power: Proof, Policing, Privacy, and Audiovisual Big Data (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Festinger L (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Row, Peterson and Company, Evanston, IL).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Filippas A, Horton J, Golden JM (2022) Reputation inflation. Marketing Sci. 41(4):305–317.Google Scholar
• Garg N, Johari R (2021) Designing informative rating systems: Evidence from an online labor market. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 23(3):589–605.Link, Google Scholar
• Gilliom J, Monahan T (2012) Everyday resistance. Ball K, Haggerty D, Lyon D, eds. Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies (Routledge, New York), 405–411.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gioia DA, Corley KG, Hamilton AL (2013) Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organ. Res. Methods 16(1):15–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hall R (2010) Renewing and revising the engagement between labour process theory and technology. Thompson P, Smith C, eds. Working Life: Renewing Labour Process Analysis (Palgrave, London), 159–181.Google Scholar
• Harrist S (2006) A phenomenological investigation of the experience of ambivalence. J. Phenomenologic Psych. 37(1):85–114.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harvard Law Review (2015) Considering police body cameras. Harvard Law Rev. 128(6):1794–1817.Google Scholar
• Hauser C (2018) Starbucks employee who called police on black men no longer works there, company says. New York Times (April 16), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/16/us/starbucks-philadelphia-arrest.html.Google Scholar
• Hu P, Zeng Y, Wang D, Teng H (2024) Too much light blinds: The transparency-resistance paradox in algorithmic management. Comput. Human Behav. 161:108403.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huey L, Ferguson L, Towns Z (2025) “Cops being doxed”: Releasing personal information of police officers as a tool of political harassment. Crime Delinquency 71(3):714–739.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hutchison B, DiMartino J (2020) From Eric Garner to George Floyd, 12 black lives lost in police encounters that stoked mass protests. ABC News (June 6), https://abcnews.go.com/US/eric-garner-george-floyd-12-black-lives-lost/story?id=70999321.Google Scholar
• Ivie A (2016) Cameras in self-contained classrooms: Legal, professional, and student implications. J. Amer. Acad. Special Ed. Professionals 11(1):72–84.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Joshi A, Farberov M, Demissie S, Smith MC, Elwyn G (2019) Attitudes of physicians to recording clinical encounters: Responses to an online survey. J. General Internal Medicine 35(3):942–943.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Karunakaran A (2024) Frontline professionals in the wake of social media scrutiny: Examining the processes of obscured accountability. Admin. Sci. Quart. 69(3):747–790.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Karunakaran A, Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV (2022) Crowd-based accountability: Examining how social media commentary reconfigures organizational accountability. Organ. Sci. 33(1):170–193.Link, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC, Valentine MA, Christin A (2020) Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Acad. Management Ann. 14(1):366–410.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kobin B (2019) David Dao says he’s thankful the United Incident made the airline fix its policy. USA Today (April 9), https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/09/david-dao-doctor-dragged-off-united-flight-speaks-out/3408956002/.Google Scholar
• Lafferty M (2007) Classroom cell phones land unwary teachers online. Thomas B. Fordham Institute (November 13), https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/classroom-cell-phones-land-unwary-teachers-online.Google Scholar
• Lamont M (2012) Toward a comparative sociology of valuation and evaluation. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 38(1):201–221.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leidner R (1993) Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life (University of California Press, Berkeley).Google Scholar
• Leidner R (1996) Rethinking questions of control: Lessons from McDonald’s. Macdonald CL, Sirianni C, eds. Working in the Service Society (Temple University Press, Philadelphia), 29–49.Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM, Vaast E (2017) Social media and their affordances for organizing: A review and agenda for research. Acad. Management Ann. 11(1):150–188.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lepper MR, Greene D, Carskaddon G, Gronner P (1975) Turning play into work: Effects of adult surveillance and extrinsic rewards on children’s intrinsic motivation. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 31(3):479–486.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levy K (2015) The contexts of control: Information, power, and truck driving work. Inform. Soc. 31(2):160–174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levy K, Barocas S (2017) Designing against discrimination in online markets. Berkeley Tech. Law J. 32(3):1183–1238.Google Scholar
• Locke K (2001) Grounded Theory in Management Research (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).Google Scholar
• Löfstrand CH, Backman C (2021) Control or protection? Work environment implications of police body worn cameras. New Tech. Work Employment 36(3):327–347.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lopez SH (2010) Workers, managers, and customers: Triangles of power in work communities. Work Occupation 37(3):251–271.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lyon D (2001) Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life (Open University Press, Buckingham, UK).Google Scholar
• Lyon D (2018) The Culture of Surveillance: Watching as a Way of Life (Polity Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Maffie MD (2022) The perils of laundering control through customers: A study of control and resistance in the ride-hail industry. Industry Labor Relations Rev. 75(2):348–372.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Majchrzak A, Markus ML (2013) Technology affordances and constraints theory (of MIS). Kessler E, ed. Encyclopedia of Management Theory (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 832–836.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marshall C, Rossman GB (2014) Designing Qualitative Research (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA).Google Scholar
• Martin AJ, Wellen JM, Grimmer MR (2016) An eye on your work: How empowerment affects the relationship between electronic surveillance and counterproductive work behaviours. Internat. J. Human Resource Management 27(21):2635–2651.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mazmanian M (2013) Avoiding the trap of constant connectivity: When congruent frames allow for heterogeneous practices. Acad. Management J. 56(5):1225–1250.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McNall LA, Roch SG (2009) A social exchange model of employee reactions to electronic performance monitoring. Human Performance 22(3):204–224.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mettler T (2024) The connected workplace: Characteristics and social consequences of workplace surveillance in the age of datafication, sensorization, and artificial intelligence. J. Inform. Tech 39(3):547–567.Google Scholar
• Meyersohn N (2024) Workers at TJ Maxx and Marshalls are wearing police-like body cameras. Here’s how it’s going. CNN Business (June 5), http://www.cnn.com/2024/06/05/tj-maxx-body-cameras-shoplifting/index/html.Google Scholar
• Moore PV, Akhtar P, Upchurch M (2018) Digitalisation of work and resistance. Moore PV, Upchurch M, Whittaker X, eds. Humans and Machines at Work: Monitoring, Surveillance, and Automation in Contemporary Capitalism. Dynamics of Virtual Work (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland), 17–44.Crossref, Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice (2022) Research on body-worn cameras and law enforcement. National Institute of Justice (January 2022), https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/research-body-worn-cameras-andlawenforcement#:∼:text=47%25%20of%20general%2Dpurpose%20law,%2C%20that%20number%20is%2080%25.Google Scholar
• Nunes IS (2015) Hands up, don’t shoot: Police misconduct and the need for body cameras. Florida Law Rev. 67(5):1811–1843.Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ (1992) The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organ. Sci. 3(3):398–427.Link, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ, Gash DC (1994) Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Trans. Inform. Systems 12(2):174–207.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV (2008) Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation of technology, work and organization. Acad. Management Ann. 2(1):433–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV (2014) What happens when evaluation goes online? Exploring apparatuses of valuation in the travel sector. Organ. Sci. 25:868–891.Link, Google Scholar
• Pasternack C (2024) The thorny push to put body cameras on hospital and retail employees. Fast Company (February 1), https://www.astcompany.com/91018129/body-cameras-healthcare-retail-workers.Google Scholar
• Patil SV, Bernstein ES (2022) Uncovering the mitigating psychological response to monitoring technologies: Police body cameras not only constrain but also depolarize. Organ. Sci. 33(2):541–570.Link, Google Scholar
• Payne J (2018) Manufacturing masculinity: Exploring gender and workplace surveillance. Work Occupation 45(3):346–383.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Perry-Hazan L, Birnhack M (2019) Caught on camera: Teachers’ surveillance in schools. Teaching Teachers Ed. 78:193–204.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Peterson K (2022) Looking at the big picture: Using systems theory to understand the impact of police body-worn cameras on police accountability. Critical Criminology 30(4):861–878.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Petriglieri G, Ashford SJ, Wrzesniewski A (2019) Agony and ecstasy in the gig economy: Cultivating holding environments for precarious and personalized work identities. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(1):124–170.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pettigrew TF (1997) Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 23(2):173–185.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Snow DC, McAfee A (2015) Cleaning house: The impact of information technology monitoring on employee theft and productivity. Management Sci. 61(10):2299–2319.Link, Google Scholar
• Pratt MG, Bonaccio S (2016) Qualitative research in I-O psychology: Maps, myths, and moving forward. Industrial Organ. Psych. 9(4):693–715.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Quinn R (2024) ‘Notice is not required’: Letter says UNM Chapel Hill secretly records professors. Inside Higher Education (May 24), https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/academic-freedom/2024/05/20/letter-says-unc-chapel-hill-secretly-records.Google Scholar
• Rahman HA (2021) The invisible cage: Workers’ reactivity to opaque algorithmic evaluations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 66(4):945–988.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rahman HA, Weiss T, Karunakaran A (2023) The experimental hand: How platform-based experimentation reconfigures worker autonomy. Acad. Management J. 66(6):1803–1830. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ravid DM, Tomczak DL, Behrend TS (2020) EPM 20/20: A review, framework, and research agenda for electronic performance monitoring. J. Management 46(1):100–126.Google Scholar
• Ravid DM, White JC, Tomczak DL, Miles AF, Behrend TS (2023) A meta-analysis of the effects of electronic monitoring on work outcomes. Personality Psych. 76(1):5–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosenblat A, Levy KE, Barocas S, Hwang T (2017) Discriminating tastes: Uber’s customer ratings as vehicles for workplace discrimination. Policy Internet 9(3):256–279.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rushing WA (1966) Organizational rules and surveillance: Propositions in comparative organizational analysis. Admin. Sci. Quart. 10(4):423–443.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ryan T (2018) Are photos of packages on doorsteps helpful? RetailWire (March 7), https://retailwire.com/discussion/are-photos-of-packages-on-doorsteps-helpful/.Google Scholar
• Samora JB, Lifchez SD, Blazar PE (2016) Physician-rating web sites: Ethical implications. J. Hand Surgery Amer. 41(1):104–110.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sewell G (1998) The discipline of teams: The control of team-based industrial work through electronic and peer surveillance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 43(2):397–428.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sewell G, Barker JR (2006) Coercion versus care: Using irony to make sense of organizational surveillance. Acad. Management Rev. 31(4):934–961.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sewell G, Barker JR, Nyberg D (2012) Working under intensive surveillance: When does ‘measuring everything that moves’ become intolerable? Human Relations 65(2):189–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sharkey A, Bromley P (2015) Can ratings have indirect effects? Evidence from the organizational response to peers’ environmental ratings. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 80(1):63–91.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sharkey A, Kovács B, Hsu G (2023) Expert critics, rankings, and review aggregators: The changing nature of intermediation and the rise of markets with multiple intermediaries. Acad. Management Ann. 17(1):1–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Singla A, Sukharevsky A, Yee L, Chui M, Hall B (2025) The state of AI: How organizations are rewiring to capture value. McKinsey & Company (March 12), https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai-how-organizations-are-rewiring-to-capture-value.Google Scholar
• Sokol M (2018) Attorney: Michael and Kimberly Hoskinson will not face charges. WRAL News (January 13), https://www.wral.com/story/attorney-michael-and-kimberly-hoskinson-will-not-face-charges/17254822/.Google Scholar
• Spitzmuller C, Stanton JM (2006) Examining employee compliance with organizational surveillance and monitoring. J. Occupation Organ. Psych. 79(2):245–272.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Srivastava RK, Gurme V (2026) Artificial intelligence and consumer behaviour on social media: A study of personalization, trust, and privacy. Measurement: Digitalization 5:100021.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stanley J (2015) Police Body-Mounted Cameras: With Right Policies in Place, a Win for All (American Civil Liberties Union, New York).Google Scholar
• Stanton JM (2000) Reactions to employee performance monitoring: Framework, review, and research directions. Human Performance 13(1):85–113.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stanton JM, Barnes-Farrell JL (1996) Effects of electronic performance monitoring on personal control, task satisfaction, and task performance. J. Appl. Psych. 81(6):738–745.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stebbins S (2019) America’s most dangerous cities. 24/7 Wall St. (October 23), https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/10/23/americas-most-dangerous-cities/.Google Scholar
• Strauss A, Corbin J (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA).Google Scholar
• Suchman MC (1995) Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Acad. Management Rev. 20(3):571–610.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Taylor FW (1911) The Principles of Scientific Management (Harper and Brothers, New York).Google Scholar
• Taylor B (2024) Former teacher falsely accused of assaulting students in 2017 still haunted by past accusations. Click 2 Houston (January 5), https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2024/01/05/former-teacher-falsely-accused-of-assaulting-students-in-2017-still-haunted-by-past-accusations/#:∼:text=When%20Child%20Protective%20Services%20investigated,mistake%20the%20allegation%20is%20clear.%E2%8.Google Scholar
• Taylor P, Bain P (1999) An assembly line in the head’: Work and employee relations in the call centre. Industry Relations J. 30(2):101–117.Crossref, Google Scholar
• The Conversation (2023) ‘You don’t know what they’re filming or what they’ll do with it’: Flight attendants on being unwilling stars of viral videos. The Conversation (December 27), https://theconversation.com/you-dont-know-why-theyre-filming-or-what-theyll-do-with-it-flight-attendants-on-being-unwilling-stars-of-viral-videos-217089.Google Scholar
• Thiel CE, McClean S, Harvey J, Prince N (2023a) Trouble with big brother: Counterproductive consequences of electronic monitoring through the erosion of leader-member social exchange. J. Organ. Behav. 44(9):1320–1339.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thiel CE, Bonner J, Bush JT, Welsh DT, Garud N (2023b) Stripped of agency: The paradoxical effect of employee monitoring on deviance. J. Management 49(2):709–740.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thompson P, Vincent S (2010) Beyond the boundary? Labour process theory and critical realism. Thompson P, Smith C, eds. WorkingLife: Renewing Labour Process Analysis (Palgrave Press, London), 47–69.Google Scholar
• Tomczak DL, Behrend TS, Willford JC, Jimenez WP (2020) ‘I didn’t agree to these terms’: Electronic performance monitoring violates the psychological contract. PsyArxiv (July 14). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qax9u.Google Scholar
• Veen A, Barratt T, Goods C (2020) Platform-capital’s ‘app-etite’ for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. Work, Employment Soc. 34(3):388–406.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vogel L (2018) Doctors conflicted about patients recording clinical visits. Canadian Medical Assoc. J. 190(44):E1316.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Watkins AM, Coopman SJ, Hart JL, Walker KL (2007) Workplace surveillance and managing privacy boundaries. Management Comm. Quart. 21(2):172–200.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Werhane PH (1985) Persons, Rights, and Corporations (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).Google Scholar
• Wilson RC, Zwang K (2024) Call to action: Supporting teams when cyberbullying and doxing occurs a new form of workplace violence. Nurse Leader 22(5):520–525.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Ngai EWT, Wu P, Wu C (2020) Fake online reviews: Literature review, synthesis, and directions for future research. Decision Support Systems 132:113280.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yao-Huai L (2005) Privacy and data privacy issues in contemporary China. Ethics Inform. Tech. 7(1):7–15.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yost AB, Behrend TS, Howardson G, Badger Darrow J, Jensen JM (2019) Reactance to electronic surveillance: A test of antecedents and outcomes. J. Bus. Psych. 34(1):71–86.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang A, Lee MK (2025) Knowledge workers’ perspectives on AI training for responsible AI use. CHI’25: Proc. 2025 CHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems 1207:1–18. Google Scholar
• Zhong CB, Bohns MK, Gino F (2010) Good lamps are the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. Psych. Sci. 21(3):311–314.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zorina A, Belanger F, Kumar N, Clegg S (2021) Watchers, watched, and watching in the digital age: Reconceptualization of information technology monitoring as complex action nets. Organ. Sci. 32(6):1571–1596.Link, Google Scholar