Identity Dynamics in Occupational Dirty Work: Integrating Social Identity and System Justification Perspectives

References

• Albert S., Whetten D. A. Organizational identity. Res. Organ. Behav. (1985) 7:263–295Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E.Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity-Based Perspective (2001) (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ) Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E., Kreiner G. E. “How can you do it?” Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Acad. Management Rev. (1999) 24(3):413–434Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E., Kreiner G. E. Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary seem ordinary. Human Resource Management Rev. (2002) 12(2):215–235Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E., Mael F. Social identity theory and the organization. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14(1):20–39Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E., Kreiner G. E., Clark M. A., Fugate M. Normalizing dirty work: Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Acad. Management J.ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
• Bandura A.Social Learning Theory (1977) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Becker H. S. Notes on the concept of commitment. Amer. J. Sociol. (1960) 66(1):32–40Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bettencourt B. A., Dorr N., Charlton K., Hume D. L. Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psych. Bull. (2001) 127(4):520–542Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bird S. E.For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (1992) (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN) Google Scholar
• Blanz M., Mummendey A., Mielke R., Klink A. Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (1998) 28(5):697–729Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bowe J., Bowe M., Streeter S.Gig: Americans Talk About Their Occupations (2001) (Three Rivers Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Branscombe N. R., Ellemers N., Swim J. K., Stangor C. Coping with group-based discrimination: Individualistic versus group-level strategies. Prejudice: The Target’s Perspective (1998) (Academic Press, San Diego, CA) 243–266Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brown R., Hinkle S., Ely P. G., Fox-Cardmone L., Maras P., Taylor L. A. Recognizing group diversity: Individualist-collectivist and autonomous-relational social orientations and their implications for intergroup processes. British J. Soc. Psych. (1992) 31(4):327–342Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bryan J. H. Occupational ideologies and individual attitudes of call girls. Soc. Problems (1966) 13(4):441–450Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cahill S. E. The boundaries of professionalization: The case of North American funeral direction. Symbolic Interaction (1999) 22(2):105–119Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cartwright S., Cooper C. L.Managing Workplace Stress (1997) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
• Castano E., Yzerbyt V., Bourguignon D. We are one and I like it: The impact of in-group entitativity on in-group identification. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (2003) 33(6):735–754Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chambliss D. F.Beyond Caring: Hospitals, Nurses, and the Social Organization of Ethics (1996) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chatterley C. N., Rouverol A. J.“I Was Content and Not Content”: The Story of Linda Lord and the Closing of Penobscot Poultry (2000) (Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL) Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay P., Tluchowska M., George E. Identifying the in-group: A closer look at the influence of demographic dissimilarity on employee social identity. Acad. Management Rev. (2004) 29(2):180–202Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen R. Women of color in white households: Coping strategies of live-in domestic workers. Qualitative Sociol. (1991) 14(2):197–215Crossref, Google Scholar
• Crandall C. S., Heatherton T. F., Kleck R. E., Hebl M. R., Hull J. G. Ideology and lay theories of stigma: The justification of stigmatization. The Social Psychology of Stigma (2000) (Guilford Press, New York) 126–150Google Scholar
• Crocker J., Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psych. Rev. (1989) 96(4):608–630Crossref, Google Scholar
• Crocker J., Major B., Steele C., Gilbert D. T., Fiske S. T., Lindzey G. Social stigma. Handbook of Social Psychology (1998) Vol. 2(McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA) 504–553Google Scholar
• Davis P. W. Labor infra dignitatem: The dimensions and conditions of occupational “dirty work” for the police patrol officer. Internat. J. Contemporary Sociol. (1982) 19:3–4Google Scholar
• Delacoste F., Alexander P.Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry (1998) 2nd ed(Cleis Press, San Francisco, CA) Google Scholar
• Dick P. Dirty work designations: How police officers account for their use of coercive force. Human Relations (2005) 58(11):1363–1390Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dovidio J. F., Major B., Crocker J., Heatherton T. F., Kleck R. E., Hebl M. R., Hull J. G. Stigma: Introduction and overview. The Social Psychology of Stigma (2000) (Guilford, New York) 1–28Google Scholar
• Dubin R.Central Life Interests: Creative Individualism in a Complex World (1992) (Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ) Google Scholar
• Dukerich J. M., Kramer R. M., Parks J. McLean, Whetten D. A., Godfrey P. C. The dark side of organizational identification. Identity in Organizations: Building Theory Through Conversations (1998) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) 245–256Google Scholar
• Dutton J. E., Debebe G., Wrzesniewski A. The revaluing of devalued work: The importance of relationships for hospital cleaning staff. (1996) . Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, OHGoogle Scholar
• Ehrenreich B.Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America (2001) (Metropolitan Books, New York) Google Scholar
• Ellemers N. The influence of socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psych. (1993) 4:27–57Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ellemers N., Van Rijswijk W. Identity needs versus social opportunities: The use of group level and individual level identity management strategies. Soc. Psych. Quart. (1997) 60(1):52–65Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ellemers N., Wilke H., van Knippenberg A. Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1993) 64(5):766–778Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elsbach K. D. An expanded model of organizational identification. Res. Organ. Behav. (1999) 21:63–200Google Scholar
• Elsbach K. D., Bhattacharya C. B. Defining who you are by what you’re not: Organizational disidentification and the National Rifle Association. Organ. Sci. (2001) 12(4):393–413Link, Google Scholar
• Elsbach K. D., Kramer R. M. Members’ responses to organizational identity threats: Encountering and countering the Business Week rankings. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1996) 41(3):442–476Crossref, Google Scholar
• Emerson R. M., Pollner M. Dirty work designations: Their features and consequences in a psychiatric setting. Soc. Problems (1976) 23(3):243–254Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fossum J. A., Moore M. L. The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings. J. Vocational Behav. (1975) 7(3):305–311Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gaertner L., Schopler J. Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: An interconnection of self and others. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (1998) 28(6):963–980Crossref, Google Scholar
• Goffman E.Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963) (Simon & Schuster, New York) Google Scholar
• Hamilton D. L., Sherman S. J., Castelli L. A group by any other name: The role of entitativity in group perception. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psych. (2002) 12:139–166Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hansen M., Littlejohn D. Skin city. The Real Las Vegas: Life Beyond the Strip (1999) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) 217–241Google Scholar
• Hardin C. D., Conley T. D., Moskowitz G. B. A relational approach to cognition: Shared experience and relationship affirmation in social cognition. Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (2001) (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ) 3–17Google Scholar
• Haritos-Fatouros M. The official torturer: A learning model for obedience to the authority of violence. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. (1988) 18(13):1107–1120Crossref, Google Scholar
• Haslam S. A. Social identity in industrial and organizational psychology: Concepts, controversies and contributions. Internat. Rev. Indust. Organ. Psych. (2005) 20:39–118Google Scholar
• Heatherton T. F., Kleck R. E., Hebl M. R., Hull J. G.The Social Psychology of Stigma (2000) (Guilford Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Henson K. D.Just a Temp (1996) (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) Google Scholar
• Hogg M. A., Leary M. R. Social identity. Handbook of Self and Identity (2003) (Guilford Press, New York) 462–479Google Scholar
• Hogg M. A., Terry D. J. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Acad. Management Rev. (2000) 25(1):121–140Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hughes E. C., Rohrer J. H., Sherif M. Work and the self. Social Psychology at the Crossroads (1951) (Harper & Brothers, New York) 313–323Google Scholar
• Hughes E. C.Men and Their Work (1958) (Free Press, Glencoe, IL) Google Scholar
• Hughes E. C. Good people and dirty work. Soc. Problems (1962) 10(1):3–11Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hughes E. C. The humble and the proud: The comparative study of occupations. Sociol. Quart. (1970) 11(2):147–156Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jackson L. A., Sullivan L. A., Harnish R., Hodge C. N. Achieving positive social identity: Social mobility, social creativity, and permeability of group boundaries. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1996) 70(2):241–254Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jempson M. Spinners or sinners: PR, journalists, and public trust. J. Comm. Management (2005) 9(3):267–276Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jervis L. L. The pollution of incontinence and the dirty work of caregiving in a U.S. nursing home. Medical Anthropology Quart. (2001) 15(1):84–99Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones E. E., Farina A., Hastorf A. H., Markus H., Miller D. T., Scott R. A.Social Stigma: The Psychology of Marked Relationships (1984) (Freeman, New York) Google Scholar
• Jost J. T. An experimental replication of the depressed entitlement effect among women. Psych. Women Quart. (1997) 21(3):387–393Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Moskowitz G. B. Out-group favoritism and the theory of system justification: A paradigm for investigating the effects of socioeconomic success on stereotype conflict. Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (2001) (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ) 89–102Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Banaji M. R. The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British J. Soc. Psych. (1994) 33(1):1–27Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Burgess D. Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. (2000) 26(3):293–305Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Elsbach K. D., Hogg M. A., Terry D. J. How status and power differences erode personal and social identities at work: A system justification critique of organizational applications of social identity theory. Social Identity Processes in Organizational Contexts (2001) (Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA) 181–196Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Banaji M. R., Nosek B. A. A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psych. (2004) 25(6):881–919Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jost J. T., Pelham B. W., Sheldon O., Sullivan B. N. Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (2003) 33(1):13–36Crossref, Google Scholar
• Korn P.Lovejoy: A Year in the Life of an Abortion Clinic (1996) (Atlantic Monthly Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Kreiner G. E., Ashforth B. E. Evidence toward an expanded model of organizational identification. J. Organ. Behav. (2004) 25(1):1–27Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazarus R. S., Folkman S.Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (1984) (Springer, New York) Google Scholar
• Lerner M. J.The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (1980) (Plenum Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Link B. G., Phelan J. C. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Rev. Sociol. (2001) 27:363–385Crossref, Google Scholar
• Linn R. Moral judgments in extreme social contexts: Soldiers who refuse to fight and physicians who strike. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. (1988) 18(13):1149–1170Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lortie D., Becker H., Greer B., Riseman D., Weiss R. Shared ordeal and induction to work. Institutions and the Person: Papers Presented to Everett C. Hughes (1968) (Aldine, Chicago, IL) 252–265Google Scholar
• Ludwig A. M.How Do We Know Who We Are? A Biography of the Self (1997) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
• Major B., Schmader T., Swim J. K., Stangor C. Coping with stigma through psychological disengagement. Prejudice: The Target’s Perspective (1998) (Academic Press, San Diego, CA) 219–241Crossref, Google Scholar
• Major B., Schmader T., Jost J. T., Major B. Legitimacy and the construal of social disadvantage. The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations (2001) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) 176–204Google Scholar
• Marx K., Engels F., Arthur C. J.The German Ideology (1846/1970) (International Publishers, New York) Google Scholar
• McIntyre L. J.The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute (1987) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
• Meara H. Honor in dirty work: The case of American meat cutters and Turkish butchers. Sociol. Work Occupations (1974) 16(1):259–283Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller C. T., Kaiser C. R. A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma. J. Soc. Issues (2001) 57(1):73–92Crossref, Google Scholar
• Miller C. T., Major B., Heatherton T. F., Kleck R. E., Hebl M. R., Hull J. G. Coping with stigma and prejudice. The Social Psychology of Stigma (2000) (Guilford Press, New York) 243–272Google Scholar
• Miller W. I.The Anatomy of Disgust (1997) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Mitchell M., Hogg I. The emotional impact of collecting crime evidence: The work of the scenes of crime officers. Issues Criminological Legal Psych. (1997) 29:35–40Google Scholar
• Perry S. E.Collecting Garbage: Dirty Work, Clean Jobs, Proud People (1998) (Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ) Google Scholar
• Pratt M. G. The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2000) 45(3):456–493Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pratt M. G., Doucet L., Fineman S. Ambivalent feelings in organizational relationships. Emotion in Organizations (2000) 2nd ed.(Sage, London, UK) 204–226Crossref, Google Scholar
• Quick J. C., Quick J. D., Nelson D. L., Hurrell J. J.Preventive Stress Management in Organizations (1997) (American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Reid D.Paris Sewers and Sewermen: Realities and Representations (1991) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Revell J. The fires that won’t go out. Fortune (2003) 148(8, October 13):139–140, 142Google Scholar
• Ridgeway C. L., Moskowitz G. B. The emergence of status beliefs: From structural inequality to legitimizing ideology. Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (2001) (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ) 257–277Google Scholar
• Roccas S. The effects of status on identification with multiple groups. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. (2003) 33(3):351–366Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schwalbe M. L., Mason-Schrock D. Identity work as group process. Adv. Group Processes (1996) 13:113–147Google Scholar
• Sedikides C. Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1993) 65(2):317–338Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sedikides C., Strube M. J. Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Adv. Experiment. Soc. Psych. (1997) 29:209–269Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shaw I. Doctors, “dirty work” patients, and “revolving doors”. Qualitative Health Res. (2004) 14(8):1032–1045Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shulman D. Professionals’ accounts for work-related deceptions. Symbolic Interaction (2000) 23(3):259–281Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sidanius J., Iyengar S., McGuire W. J. The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. Explorations in Political Psychology (1993) (Duke University Press, Durham, NC) 183–224Google Scholar
• Spears R., Jetten J., Doosje B., Jost J. T., Major B. The (il)legitimacy of in-group bias: From social reality to social resistance. The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations (2001) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) 332–362Google Scholar
• Sudnow D.Passing On: The Social Organization of Dying (1967) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
• Sykes G., Matza D. Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. Amer. Sociol. Rev. (1957) 22(6):664–670Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tajfel H., Turner J. C., Worchel S., Austin W. G. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of Intergroup Relations (1986) 2nd ed.(Nelson Hall, Chicago, IL) 7–24Google Scholar
• Taylor D. M., McKirnan D. Theoretical contributions: A five-stage model of intergroup relations. British J. Soc. Psych. (1984) 23(4):291–300Crossref, Google Scholar
• Terry D. J., O’Brien A. T. Status, legitimacy, and ingroup bias in the context of an organizational merger. Group Processes Intergroup Relations (2001) 4(3):271–289Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thompson W. E. Handling the stigma of handling the dead: Morticians and funeral directors. Deviant Behav. (1991) 12(4):403–429Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thompson W. E., Harred J. L., Burks B. E. Managing the stigma of topless dancing: A decade later. Deviant Behav. (2003) 24(6):551–570Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tower W. Making the call: It’s not as if their lifelong ambition is to irritate us at dinnertime. Washington Post (2004) January 25):W12Google Scholar
• Trice H. M.Occupational Subcultures in the Workplace (1993) (ILR Press, Ithaca, NY) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Twigg J. Carework as a form of bodywork. Ageing Soc. (2000) 20(4):389–411Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van Maanen J., Barley S. R. Occupational communities: Culture and control in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. (1984) 6:287–365Google Scholar