Top Management-Team Diversity and Firm Performance: Examining the Role of Cognitions

References

  • Allison P. D. Measures of inequality. Amer. Soc. Review (1978) 43 865 880 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Amason A. C. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Acad. Management J. (1996) 1 123 148 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ashby W. R. A Design for a Brain (1952) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
  • Berger P. L. , Luckmann T. The Social Construction of Reality (1967) (Doubleday, New York) Google Scholar
  • Bettenhausen K. , Murnighan J. K. The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1985) 30 350 372 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Blau P. M. Inequality and Heterogeneity (1977) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Block J. , Magnusson D. , Endler N. Advancing the science of personality: Paradigmatic shift or improving the quality of research? Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology (1977) (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ) 37 63 Google Scholar
  • Bourgeois L. J. Performance and consensus. Strategic Management J. (1980) 1 227 248 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cohen M. D. , March J. G. , Olsen J. P. A garbage can model of organizational choice. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1972) 17 1 25 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cook V. J. Markstrat. J. Bus. Res. (1987) 15 6 . Special section on Google Scholar
  • Coser L. C. The Functions of Social Conflict (1956) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Cox T. , Blake S. Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Acad. Management Executive (1991) 5 3 45 56 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dannefer D. Aging as intracohort differentiation: Accentuation, the Matthew effect, and the life course. Soc. Forum (1987) 2 211 236 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dearborn D. , Simon H. A. Selective perception: A note on the departmental identification of executives. Sociometry (1958) 35 38 48 Google Scholar
  • Dodgson H. Management learning in Markstrat: The ICL experience. J. Bus. Res. (1987) 15 481 489 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Donnellon A. B. Gray , Bougon M. G. Communication, meaning, and organized action. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1986) 31 43 55 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eisenberg E. M. Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication. Comm. Monographs (1984) 51 227 242 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eisenhardt K. M. Making fast strategic decisions in highvelocity environments. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32 543 576 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Garfinkel H. Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
  • Gatignon H. Strategic studies. Markstrat. J. Bus. Res. (1987) 15 469 480 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gersick C. J. G. , Hackman J. R. The students. Groups that Work (and Those that Don't): Creating Conditions for Effective Teamwork (1990) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA) 89 111 Google Scholar
  • Hambrick D. C. , Cho T. S. , Chen M.-J. The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms' competitive moves. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1996) 41 659 684 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hambrick D. C. , Korn L. B. , Fredrickson J. W. , Ferry R. M. Reinventing the CEO (1989) (Korn/Ferry International, New York) Google Scholar
  • Hambrick D. C. , Mason P. A. Upper echelon: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Acad. Management Rev. (1984) 9 193 206 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hofstede G. Culture's Consequences (1980) (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) Google Scholar
  • Hogarth R. M. , Makridakis S. The value of decision making in a complex environment: An experimental approach. Management Sci. (1981) 27 93 107 LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Jacobs R. C. , Campbell D. T. The perpetuation of an arbitrary tradition through several generations of a laboratory microculture. J. Abnormal and Soc. Psych. (1961) 62 649 658 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jackson S. E. , Brett J. F. , Sessa V. I. , Cooper D. M. , Julin J. A. , Peyronnin K. Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. J. Appl. Psych. (1991) 76 675 689 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Johnston W. B. , Packer A. H. Workforce 2000 (1987) (Hudson Institute, Indianapolis, IN) Google Scholar
  • Kinnear T. C. , Klammer S. K. Management perspectives on Markstrat: The GE experience and beyond. J. Bus. Res. (1987) 15 491 501 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kotter J. P. , Heskett J. L. Corporate Culture and Performance (1992) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Larreche J. , Gatignon H. MARKSTRAT: A Marketing Strategy Game (1977) (The Scientific Press, Palo Alto, CA) Google Scholar
  • Lant T. K. , Montgomery D. B. Learning from strategic success and failure. J. Bus. Res. (1987) 15 (Scientific Press, Palo Alto, CA) 503 517 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Laurent A. The cultural diversity of Western conceptions of management. Internat. Stud. Management and Organ. (1983) 13 75 96 Google Scholar
  • Laurent A. The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management. Human Resource Management (1986) 25 91 102 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lawrence B. S. The black box of organizational demography. Organ. Sci. (1997) 8 1 22 LinkGoogle Scholar
  • March J. G. , Simon H. A. Organizations (1958) (Wiley, New York) Google Scholar
  • Martin J. Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives (1992) (Oxford University Press, New York) CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Masuch M. , LaPotin P. Beyond garbage cans: An AI model of organizational choice. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1989) 34 38 67 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Michel J. , Hambrick D. Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35 9 37 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Milliken F. J. , Martins L. L. Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Acad. Management Review (1996) 21 402 433 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Murnighan J. K. , Conlon D. E. The dynamics of intense work groups: A study of British string quartets. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36 165 186 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nemeth C. J. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psych. Review (1986) 93 23 32 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pelled C. H. Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organ. Sci. (1996) 7 615 631 LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Pfeffer J. Organizational demography. Res. Organ. Behavior (1983) 5 299 357 Google Scholar
  • Remus W. E. Testing Bowman's managerial coefficient theory using a competitive gaming environment. Management Sci. (1978) 24 827 835 LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Rynes S. , Lawler J. A policy-capturing investigation of the role of expectancies in decisions to pursue alternatives. J. Appl. Psych. (1983) 68 620 631 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Schwenk C. R. Conflict in organizational decision making: An exploratory study of its effects in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Management Sci. (1990) 36 436 448 LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Sherif M. , Harvey O. J. , White B. J. , Hood W. R. , Sherif C. W. Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robber's Cave Experiment (1961) (University Book Exchange, Norman, OK) Google Scholar
  • Smith K. G. , Smith K. A. , Olian J. D. , Sims H. P. , O'Bannon D. P. , Scully J. A. Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1994) 39 412 438 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stodgill R. M. Individual Behavior and Group Achievement (1959) (Oxford University Press, New York) Google Scholar
  • Triandis H. C. , Hall E. R. , Ewen R. B. Member homogeneity and dyadic creativity. Human Relations (1965) 18 33 54 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tsui A. S. , Egan T. D. , O'Reilly C. A. Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1992) 37 549 579 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wagner W. G. , Pfeffer J. , O'Reilly C. A. Organizational demography and turnover in top management groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1984) 29 74 92 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Walker G. Network position and cognition in a computer software firm. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1985) 30 103 130 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Waller M. J. , Huber G. P. , Glick W. H. Functional background as a determinant of executives' selective perception. Acad. Management J. (1995) 38 943 974 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Walsh J. P. Selectivity and selective perception: An investigation of managers' belief structures and information processing. Acad. Management J. (1988) 31 873 896 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Walsh J. P. , Henderson C. M. , Deighton J. Negotiated belief structures and decision performance: An empirical investigation. Organ. Behavior and Human Decision Process. (1988) 42 194 216 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Weick K. E. The Social Psychology of Organizing (1979) 2nd ed. (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA) Google Scholar
  • Weick K. E. , Murnighan J. K. Sensemaking in organizations: Small structures with large consequences. Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Research (1993) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) 10 37 Google Scholar
  • Weick K. E. Sensemaking in Organizations (1995) (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
  • Weick K. E. , Gilfillan D. P. Fate of arbitrary traditions in a laboratory microculture. J. Personality and Soc. Psych. (1971) 17 179 191 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wiersema M. F. , Bante K. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Acad. Management J. (1992) 35 91 121 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wiersema M. F. , Bird A. Organizational demography in Japanese firms: Group heterogeneity, individual dissimilarity, and top management team turnover. Acad. Management J. (1993) 36 996 1025 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zenger T. R. , Lawrence B. S. Organizational demography: The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32 353 376 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zucker L. The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. Amer. Soc. Rev. (1977) 42 726 743 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.