The Dynamics of the Performance–Risk Relationship Within a Performance Period: The Moderating Role of Deadline Proximity
Published Online:14 Feb 2011https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0626
References
- , Garber J., Seligman M. E. P. Learned helplessness in humans: An attributional analysis. Human Helplessness: Theory and Applications (1980) (Academic Press, New York) 3–35Google Scholar
- Ladder tournaments and underdogs: Lessons from professional bowling. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (2002) 47(1):87–101Crossref, Google Scholar
- Le Comportement de l'Homme Rationnel devant le Risque: Critique des Postulats et Axiomes de l'École Américaine. Econometrica (1953) 21(4):503–546Crossref, Google Scholar
- Managerial succession and organizational performance: A recalcitrant problem revisited. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1979) 24(2):167–180Crossref, Google Scholar
- Corporate Distress: A Complete Guide to Predicting, Avoiding, and Dealing with Bankruptcy (1983) (John Wiley & Sons, New York) Google Scholar
- Taking time to integrate temporal research. Acad. Management Rev. (2001) 26(4):512–529Crossref, Google Scholar
- Less likely to fail: Low performance, firm size, and factory expansion in the shipbuilding industry. Management Sci. (2006) 52(1):83–94Link, Google Scholar
- Aspiration performance and railroads' patterns of learning from train wrecks and crashes. Organ. Sci. (2007) 18(3):368–385Link, Google Scholar
- Dancing with strangers: Aspiration performance and the search for underwriting syndicate partners. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2005) 50(4):536–575Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizational innovation and substandard performance: When is necessity the mother of invention? Organ. Sci. (1993) 4(1):57–75Link, Google Scholar
- On the measurement of organizational slack. Acad. Management Rev. (1981) 6(1):29–39Crossref, Google Scholar
- A natural experiment in strategic risk taking: Jeopardy! Tournament of champions. Acad. Management Conf. (2008) Anaheim, CA(Academy of Management, Briarcliff Manor, NY) Google Scholar
- The Behavioral Foundations of Strategic Management (2004) (Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA) Google Scholar
- Risk behavior and performance benchmarks. (2003) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stern School of Business, New York University, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Optimal strategies on fourth down. Management Sci. (1978) 24(16):1758–1762Link, Google Scholar
- Putttin' on the Ritz: Pre-IPO enlistment of prestigious affiliates as deadline-induced remediation. Acad. Management J. (2008) 51(5):954–975Crossref, Google Scholar
- Determinants of firms' backward- and forward-looking R&D search behavior. Organ. Sci. (2008) 19(4):609–622Link, Google Scholar
- Situational and institutional determinants of firms' R&D search intensity. Strategic Management J. (2007) 28(4):369–381Crossref, Google Scholar
- The role of project completion information in resource allocation decisions. Acad. Management J. (1993) 36(2):402–413Crossref, Google Scholar
- A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963) (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Google Scholar
- The aftermath of organizational decline: A longitudinal study of the strategic and managerial characteristics of declining firms. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32(3):577–605Crossref, Google Scholar
- Constrained growth: How experience, legitimacy, and age influence risk taking in organizations. Organ. Sci. (2008) 19(4):594–608Link, Google Scholar
- Determinants of compromising behavior in negotiation: A meta-analysis. J. Conflict Resolution (1994) 38(3):507–556Crossref, Google Scholar
- After 20 years, Saints are Aints are no longer. New York Times (1987) December 6). http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/06/sports/after-20-years-saints-are-aints-no-longer.htmlGoogle Scholar
- What's so great about punting? Wall Street Journal (2009) November 17). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704431804574540100532247022.htmlGoogle Scholar
- A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957) (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA) Crossref, Google Scholar
- 'Aints alive again. Sports Illustrated (1996) September 23). http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1008790/index.htmGoogle Scholar
- Risk and rationality: The influence of decision domain and perceived outcome control on managers' high-risk decisions. J. Behav. Decision Making (2002) 15(2):125–140Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Winner-Take-All Society: Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More Than the Rest of Us (1995) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
- Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search. Admin. Sci. Quart. (2000) 45(1):113–137Crossref, Google Scholar
- On the origin of strategy: Action and cognition over time. Organ. Sci. (2007) 18(3):420–439Link, Google Scholar
- Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Acad. Management J. (1988) 31(1):9–41Crossref, Google Scholar
- Marking time: Predictable transitions in task groups. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32(2):274–309Crossref, Google Scholar
- Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Acad. Management Rev. (1991) 16(1):10–36Crossref, Google Scholar
- Econometric Analysis (1993) 2nd ed.(Macmillan, New York) Google Scholar
- Performance, aspirations, and risky organizational change. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1998) 43(1):58–86Crossref, Google Scholar
- A behavioral theory of R&D expenditures and innovations: Evidence from shipbuilding. Acad. Management J. (2003a) 46(6):685–702Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change (2003b) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
- The illusion of knowledge: When more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2007) 103(2):277–290Crossref, Google Scholar
- Incentives to cheat: The influence of executive compensation and firm performance on financial misrepresentation. Organ. Sci. (2007) 18(3):350–367Link, Google Scholar
- Some consequences of crisis which limit the viability of organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1963) 8(1):61–82Crossref, Google Scholar
- Decision-making and behavior fluidity: How focus on completion and emphasis on safety changes over the course of projects. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2004) 93(1):14–27Crossref, Google Scholar
- Performance feedback, slack, and the timing of acquisitions. Acad. Management J. (2008) 51(4):808–822Crossref, Google Scholar
- Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica (1979) 47(2):263–291Crossref, Google Scholar
- Immediacy and certainty in intertemporal choice. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1995) 63(3):287–297Crossref, Google Scholar
- When is an hour not 60 minutes? Deadlines, temporal schemata, and individual and task group performance. Acad. Management J. (2005) 48(4):677–694Crossref, Google Scholar
- The illusion of control. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1975) 32(2):311–328Crossref, Google Scholar
- Aspiration level adaptation: An empirical exploration. Management Sci. (1992) 38(5):623–644Link, Google Scholar
- Selectivity in organizational rule violations. Acad. Management Rev. (2009) 34(4):643–657Crossref, Google Scholar
- Random walks and organizational mortality. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1991) 36(3):397–420Crossref, Google Scholar
- A model of adaptive organizational search. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. (1981) 2(4):307–333Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizational learning. Annual Rev. Sociol. (1988) 14:319–338Crossref, Google Scholar
- Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and an interpretation. Quart. J. Econom. (1992) 107(2):573–597Crossref, Google Scholar
- , Berkowitz L. Between hope and fear: The psychology of risk. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1987) 20(Academic Press, San Diego) 255–295Crossref, Google Scholar
- Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. (1991) 2(1):71–87Link, Google Scholar
- Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Sci. (1987) 33(11):1404–1418Link, Google Scholar
- Variable risk preferences and the focus of attention. Psych. Rev. (1992) 99(1):172–183Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizations (1958) (John Wiley & Sons, New York) Google Scholar
- Patriots' gamble leads to victory for Colts. New York Post (2009) November 16). http://www.nypost.com/p/sports/more_sports/coach_ill_advised_gamble_gift_wraps_FrrdxfNZ1RhjFZAp3qYn2LGoogle Scholar
- Aspiration-level adaptation in American financial services organizations: A field study. Management Sci. (2002) 48(10):1285–1300Link, Google Scholar
- Strategic risk and corporate performance: An analysis of alternative risk measures. Acad. Management J. (1990) 33(4):756–779Crossref, Google Scholar
- Variable organizational risk preferences: Tests of the March-Shapira model. Acad. Management J. (2004) 47(1):105–115Crossref, Google Scholar
- Building better theory: Time and the specification of when things happen. Acad. Management Rev. (2001) 26(4):530–547Crossref, Google Scholar
- Organizational decline and innovation: A contingency framework. Acad. Management Rev. (1998) 23(1):115–132Crossref, Google Scholar
- Is slack good or bad for innovation? Acad. Management J. (1996) 39(5):1245–1264Crossref, Google Scholar
- Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management J. (1997) 18(1):187–206Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (1959) (John Wiley & Sons, New York) Google Scholar
- Organizational transformation as punctuated equilibrium: An empirical test. Acad. Management J. (1994) 37(5):1141–1166Crossref, Google Scholar
- Do firms maximize? Evidence from professional football. J. Political Econom. (2006) 114(2):340–365Crossref, Google Scholar
- A note on measurement of utility. Rev. Econ. Stud. (1937) 4(2):155–161Crossref, Google Scholar
- Status quo bias in decision making. J. Risk Uncertainty (1988) 1(1):7–59Crossref, Google Scholar
- Framing and conflict: Aspiration level contingency, the status quo, and current theories of risky choice. J. Experiment. Psych.: Learn., Memory, Cognition (1992) 18(5):1040–1057Crossref, Google Scholar
- Risk-Taking: A Managerial Perspective (1995) (Russell Sage Foundation, New York) Google Scholar
- Gain/loss asymmetry in risky intertemporal choice. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (1994) 59(1):124–159Crossref, Google Scholar
- Performance, slack, and risk-taking in organizational decision making. Acad. Management J. (1986) 29(3):562–585Crossref, Google Scholar
- Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Acad. Management Rev. (1992) 17(1):9–38Crossref, Google Scholar
- The Perception of Risk (2000) (Earthscan Publications, London) Google Scholar
- Learning by knowledge-intensive firms. J. Management Stud. (1992) 29(6):713–740Crossref, Google Scholar
- Responding to crises. J. Bus. Admin. (1978) 9(2):111–137Google Scholar
- Time to change: Temporal shifts as enablers of organizational change. Organ. Sci. (2002) 13(5):583–597Link, Google Scholar
- Sunk costs in the NBA: Why draft order affects playing time and survival in professional basketball. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1995) 40(3):474–494Crossref, Google Scholar
- Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1981) 26(4):501–524Crossref, Google Scholar
- Constructing Social Theories (1968) (Chicago University Press, Chicago) Google Scholar
- The impact of time pressure negotiation: A meta-analysis. Internat. J. Conflict Management (1998) 9(2):97–116Crossref, Google Scholar
- With a winning attitude, these aren't the “Aints” anymore. Washington Post (2009) December 7). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/06/AR2009120602647.htmlGoogle Scholar
- , Cummings L. L., Staw B. M. Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. Research in Organizational Behavior (1985) 7(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 171–222Google Scholar
- Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. J. Risk Uncertainty (1992) 5(4):297–323Crossref, Google Scholar
- Watching the clock: Group pacing behavior under dynamic deadlines. Acad. Management J. (2002) 45(5):1046–1055Crossref, Google Scholar
- The combined effects of risk and time on choice: Does uncertainty eliminate the immediacy effect? Does delay eliminate the certainty effect? Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes (2005) 96(2):104–118Crossref, Google Scholar
- The use of limited dependent variable techniques in strategy research: Issues and methods. Strategic Management J. (2009) 30(6):679–692Crossref, Google Scholar
- Belichick's blunder. Washington Post (2009) November 16). http://views.washingtonpost.com/theleague/panelists/2009/11/bill-belichick-new-england-patriots-fourth-down-ego-wilbon.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Time scales and organizational theory. Acad. Management Rev. (1999) 24(4):725–741Crossref, Google Scholar
- Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organ. Sci. (2002) 13(3):339–351Link, Google Scholar

