Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams

References

• Adler Paul S., Kwon Seok-Woo. Social capital: The good, the bad, and the ugly (1999) (Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA) . Unpublished manuscriptGoogle Scholar
• Allen Thomas J.Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information within the R&D Organization (1977) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Allen Thomas J., Cohen Stephen I. Information flow in research and development laboratories. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1969) 14:12–19Crossref, Google Scholar
• Allison Paul D. Measures of inequality. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1978) 43:865–880Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aldrich Howard E., Zimmer Catherine, Sexton D. L., Smilor R. W. Entrepreneurship through social networks. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (1986) (Ballinger, Cambridge, MA) 3–24Google Scholar
• Ancona Deborah G., Caldwell David F. Demography and design: Predictors of new product team productivity. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3:321–341Link, Google Scholar
• Arnold H. J., Feldman D. C. Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations. Acad. Management J. (1981) 24:377–385Crossref, Google Scholar
• Avolio Bruce J., Yammarino Francis J., Bass Bernard M. Identifying common methods variance with data collected from a single source: An unresolved sticky issue. J. Management (1991) 17:571–587Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bantel Karen A., Jackson Susan E. Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference?. Strategic Management J. (1989) 10:107–124Crossref, Google Scholar
• Belsley David A., Kuh Edwin, Welsch Roy E.Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity (1980) (Wiley, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berman J. S., Kenny D. A. Correlational bias in observer ratings. J. Personality Soc. Psych. (1976) 34:263–273Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt Ronald S.Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure, Perception and Action (1982) (Academic Press, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt Ronald S., Calhoun Craig, Meyer Marshall W., Richard Scott W. Kinds of relations in American discussion networks. Structures of Power and constraint: Papers in honor of Peter M. Blau (1990) (Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Burt Ronald S. Measuring age as a structural concept. Soc. Networks (1991) 13:1–34Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt Ronald S.Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (1992) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carroll Glenn R., Richard Harrison J. Organizational demography and culture: Insights from a formal model and simulation. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1998) 43:637–667Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen Bernard P., Zhou Xueguang. Status processes in enduring work groups. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1990) 51:179–188Google Scholar
• Coleman James S. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer. J. Sociology (1988) 94:S95–S120Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman James S.Foundations of Social Theory (1991) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Cook Karen S., Emerson Richard M., Gillmore Mary R., Yamagishi Toshio. The distribution of power in exchange networks: Theory and experimental results. Amer. J. Sociology (1983) 89:275–305Crossref, Google Scholar
• Doty D. Harold, Glick William H. Common methods bias: Does common methods variance really bias results. Organ. Res. Methods (1998) 1:374–406Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elder Glenn H.Children of the Great Depression (1974) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt Kathleen M., Kahwajy Jean L., Bourgeois III L. J. How management teams can have a good fight. Harvard Bus. Rev. (1997) 75:77–85Google Scholar
• Ely Robin J. The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1994) 39:203–238Crossref, Google Scholar
• Evans D. R., Dion K. L. Group cohesion and productivity: A meta-analysis. Small Group Res. (1991) 22:175–186Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gabbay Shaul M., Leenders Roger Th. A. J., Leenders Roger Th.A.J., Gabbay Shaul M. CSC: The structure of advantage and disadvantage. Corporate Social Capital and Liability (1999) (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA) 1–14Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gabbay Shaul M., Zuckerman Ezra W. Social capital and opportunity in corporate R&D: The contingent effect of contact density on mobility expectations. Soc. Sci. Res. (1998) 27:189–217Crossref, Google Scholar
• Granovetter Mark S. The strength of weak ties. Amer. J. Sociology (1973) 78:1360–1380Crossref, Google Scholar
• Granovetter Mark S. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Amer. J. Sociology (1985) 91:481–510Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hannan Michael T., Young Alice A., Heise David. Estimation in panel models: Results on pooling cross-sections and time series. Sociological Methodology 1977 (1977) (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA) 53–87Google Scholar
• Hansen Morten T. The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subteams. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1999) 44:82–111Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jobson J. D.Applied Multivariate Data Analysis: Volume II: Categorical and Multivariate Methods (1992) (Springer-Verlag, New York) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Katz Ralph. Project communication and performance: An investigation into the effects of group longevity. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1982) 29:81–104Crossref, Google Scholar
• Katz Ralph, Tushman Robert. Communication patterns, project productivity, and task characteristics: An empirical evaluation and integration in an R&D setting. Organ. Behavior Human Productivity (1979) 23:139–162Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kendall Maurice, Stuart Alan. The Advanced Theory of Statistics (1977) 14th ed.(Macmillan, New York) Google Scholar
• Lawrence Barbara S. The black box of organizational demography. Organ. Sci. (1997) 8:1–22Link, Google Scholar
• Leavitt Harold J. Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance. J. Abnormal Soc. Psych. (1951) 46:31–50Google Scholar
• March James G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. (1991) 1:71–87Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marsden Peter V., Campbell Karen E. Measuring tie strength. Soc. Forces (1984) 63:482–501Crossref, Google Scholar
• McCain Bruce E., O'Reilly Charles, Pfeffer Jeffrey. The effects of departmental demography on turnover: The case of a university. Acad. Management J. (1983) 26:626–641Crossref, Google Scholar
• O'Reilly Charles A. III., Caldwell David F., Barnett William P. Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1989) 34:21–37Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pelled Lisa Hope. Demographic diversity,conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organ. Sci. (1996) 7:615–631Link, Google Scholar
• Pelled Lisa Hope, Eisenhardt Kathleen M., Xin Katherine R. Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and productivity. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1999) 44:1–28Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pfeffer Jeffrey, Cummings L. L., Staw Barry M. Organizational demography. Research in Organizational Behavior (1982) 5(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 299–357Google Scholar
• Pfeffer Jeffrey. Organizational demography: Implications for management. California Management Rev. (1983) 28:67–81Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pfeffer Jeffrey, Salancik Gerald R.The external control of organizations (1978) (Harper and Row, New York) Google Scholar
• Podsakoff Philip, Organ Dennis. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. J. Management (1986) 12:531–543Crossref, Google Scholar
• Portes Alejandro. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Ann. Rev. Sociology (1998) 24:1–24Crossref, Google Scholar
• Portes Alejandro, Sensenbrenner Julia. Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. Amer. J. Sociology (1993) 98:1320–1350Crossref, Google Scholar
• Riordan Christine M., McFarlane Shore Lynn. Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work teams. J. Appl. Psych. (1997) 82:342–358Crossref, Google Scholar
• Robinson W. S. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1950) 15:351–357Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ryder Norman B. The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1965) 30:843–861Crossref, Google Scholar
• Salancik Gerry R., Pfeffer Jeffrey. An examination of need-satisfaction models of job attitudes. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1977) 22:427–456Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shenhav Yehouda A. Expected managerial careers with growing and declining R&D establishments. Work and Occupations (1992) 18:46–71Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simmel Georg, Wolff Kurt H.Conflict and The Web of Group Affiliations (1955) (Reinhard Bendix,Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Sorensen Jesper B.The use and misuse of the coefficient of variation in organizational demography research (1999) (University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Chicago, IL) . Working paperGoogle Scholar
• Sorensen Jesper B. Organizational heterogeneity and job turnover. Amer. Sociological Rev. (2000) 65:298–310Crossref, Google Scholar
• Staw Barry M. The consequences of turnover. J. Occupational Behavior (1980) 1:253–273Google Scholar
• Tajfel Henri. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology (1981) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England) Google Scholar
• Tajfel Henri, Turner John, Worchel Stephen, Austin William G. The social identity of intergroup behavior. Psychology and Intergroup Relations (1986) (Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL) 7–24Google Scholar
• Turner John. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Social Categorization Theory (1987) (B. Blackwell, Oxford, England) Google Scholar
• Tushman Michael L. Technical communication in R&D laboratories: The impact of project work characteristics. Acad. Management J. (1977) 20:624–645Google Scholar
• Uzzi Brian. The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1996) 61:674–698Crossref, Google Scholar
• Uzzi Brian. Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: How social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. Amer. Sociological Rev. (1999) 64:481–505Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wagner Gary W., Pfeffer Jeffrey, O'Reilly Charles A. Organizational demography and turnover in top-management groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1983) 29:74–92Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams Katherine Y., O'Reilly Charles A. Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Res. Organ. Res. (1998) 20:77–140Google Scholar
• Zenger Todd R., Lawrence Barbara S. Organizational demography: The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication. Acad. Management J. (1989) 32:353–376Crossref, Google Scholar