The Leader-in-Social-Network Schema: Perceptions of Network Structure Affect Gendered Attributions of Charisma

References

• Acker J (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender Soc. 4(2):139–158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Argyris C (1993) Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).Google Scholar
• Aries E (1976) Interaction patterns and themes of male, female, and mixed groups. Small Group Res. 7(1):7–18.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Avolio BJ, Yammarino FJ (1990) Operationalizing charismatic leadership using a levels-of-analysis framework. Leadership Quart. 1(3):193–208.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baldwin MW (1992) Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psych. Bull. 112(3):461–484.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bales RF, Slater PE (1955) Role differentiation in small decision-making groups. Parsons T, Bales RF, eds. Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process (Free Press, Glencoe, IL), 259–306.Google Scholar
• Balkundi P, Kilduff M (2005) The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. Leadership Quart. 16(6):941–961.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Balkundi P, Kilduff M, Hanison DA (2011) Centrality and charisma: Comparing how leader networks and attributions affect team performance. J. Appl. Psych. 96(6):1209–1222.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bass BM (1985) Leadership: Good, better, best. Organ. Dynam. 13(3):26–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bass BM (1999) Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psych. 8(1):9–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beal DJ, Cohen RR, Burke MJ, McLendon CL (2003) Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. J. Appl. Psych. 88(6):989–1004.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brands RA (2013) Cognitive social structures in social network research: A review. J. Organ. Behav. 34(S1):S82–S103.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD (2011) Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Perspect. Psych. Sci. 6(1):3–5.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (1992) Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS, Kilduff M, Tasselli S (2013) Social network analysis: Foundations and frontiers on advantage. Annual Rev. Psych. 64(1):527–547.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cantor N, Mischel W (1979) Prototypes in person perception. Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 12 (Academic Press, New York), 3–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman JS (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer. J. Sociol. 94(Supplement):S95–S120.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Conger JA, Kanungo RN (1987) Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Acad. Management Rev. 12(4):637–647.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Conger JA, Kanungo RN, Menon ST (2000) Charismatic leadership and follower effects. J. Organ. Behav. 21(7):747–767.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Diekman AB, Goodfriend W, Goodwin S (2004) Dynamic stereotypes of power: Perceived change and stability in gender hierarchies. Sex Roles 50(3–4):201–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Carli LL (2003) The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. Leadership Quart. 14(6):807–834.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Karau SJ (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psych. Rev. 109(3):573–598.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Steffen VJ (1984) Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 46(4):735–754.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Karau SJ, Makhijani MG (1995) Gender and the effectiveness of leaders. Psych. Bull. 117(1):125–145.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eagly AH, Makhijani MG, Klonsky BG (1992) Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psych. Bull. 111(1):3–22.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Freeman LC (1978–1979) Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Soc. Networks 1(3):215–239.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Freeman LC, Romney AK, Freeman SC (1987) Cognitive structure and informant accuracy. Amer. Anthropologist 89(2):310–325.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Giessner SR, van Knippenberg D (2008) License to fail: Goal definition, leader group protoypicality, and perceptions of leadership effectiveness after leader failure. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 105(1):14–35.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Graen GB, Uhl-Bien M (1995) Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quart. 6(2):219–247.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Howell JM, Shamir B (2005) The role of followers in the charismatic leadership process: Relationships and their consequences. Acad. Management Rev. 30(1):96–112.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H (1992) Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37(3):422–447.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Janicik GA, Larrick RP (2005) Social network schemas and the learning of incomplete networks. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 88(2):348–364.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jung DI, Avolio BJ (2000) Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. J. Organ. Behav. 21(8):949–964.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kilduff M, Crossland C, Tsai W, Krackhardt D (2008) Organizational network perceptions versus reality: A small world after all? Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 107(1):15–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D (1987) Cognitive social structures. Soc. Networks 9(2):109–134.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Labianca G, Brass DJ, Gray B (1998) Social networks and perceptions of intergroup conflict: The role of negative relationships and third parties. Acad. Management J. 41(1):55–67.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lord RG (2005) Implicit leadership theory. Schyns B, Meindl JR, eds. Implicit Leadership Theories (Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC), ix–xiv.Google Scholar
• Lord RG, Emrich CG (2000) Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research. Leadership Quart. 11(4):551–579.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lord RG, Foti RJ (1986) Schema theories, information processing, and organizational behavior. Sims HP Jr, Gioia DA, eds. The Thinking Organization (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), 20–48.Google Scholar
• Lord RG, Maher KJ (1994) Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Organizational Performance (Routledge, New York).Google Scholar
• Lord RG, Foti RJ, De Vader CL (1984) A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organ. Behav. Human Performance 34(3):343–378.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lord RG, Brown DJ, Harvey JL, Hall RJ (2001) Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences for leadership perceptions. Leadership Quart. 12(3): 311–338.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maccoby EE (1990) Gender and relationships: A developmental account. Amer. Psychologist 45(4):513–520.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Magee JC, Galinsky AD (2008) Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status. Acad. Management Ann. 2:351–398.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meeker BF, Weitzel-O’Neill PA (1977) Sex roles and interpersonal behavior in task-oriented groups. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 42(1):91–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mehra A, Borgatti SP, Soltis S, Floyd T, Ofem B, Halgin DS, Lopez-Kidwell V (2014) Imaginary worlds: Using visual network scales to capture perceptions of social networks. Brass DJ, Labianca G, Mehra A, Halgin DS, Borgatti SP, eds. Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks (Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK), 315–336.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moskowitz DS, Suh EJ, Desaulniers J (1994) Situational influences on gender differences in agency and communion. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 66(4):753–761.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moss-Racusin CA, Phelan JE, Rudman LA (2010) When men break the gender rules: Status incongruity and backlash against modest men. Psych. Men Masculinity 11(2):140–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neisser U (1976) Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology (W. H. Freeman and Company, New York).Google Scholar
• Nye JL, Forsyth DR (1991) The effects of prototype-based biases on leadership appraisals: A test of leadership categorization theory. Small Group Res. 22(3):360–379.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pastor JC, Mayo M, Shamir B (2007) Adding fuel to fire: The impact of followers’ arousal on ratings of charisma. J. Appl. Psych. 92(6):1584–1596.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Moorman RH, Fetter R (1990) Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quart. 1(2):107–142.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Preacher K (2014) Interaction effects in MLR, LCA, and MLM. Accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.quantpsy.org/interact/interactions.htm.Google Scholar
• Prentice DA, Carranza E (2002) What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psych. Women Quart. 26(4):269–281.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosette AS, Tost LP (2010) Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. J. Appl. Psych. 95(2):221–235.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosette AS, Leonardelli GJ, Phillips KW (2008) The white standard: Racial bias in leader categorization. J. Appl. Psych. 93(4):758–777.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schank RC, Abelson RP (1977) Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schein VE (1973) The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. J. Appl. Psych. 57(2):95–100.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sczesny S (2005) Gender stereotypes and implicit leadership theories. Schyns B, Meindl JR, eds. Implicit Leadership Theories (Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC), 159–172.Google Scholar
• Shamir B (1992) Attribution of influence and charisma to the leader: The romance of leadership revisited. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 22(5):386–407.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ (1999) Multilevel Analyses: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling (Sage, London).Google Scholar
• Sparrowe RT, Liden RC, Wayne SJ, Kraimer ML (2001) Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups. Acad. Management J. 44(2):316–325.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thomas WI, Thomas DS (1928) The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs (Alfred A. Knopf, New York).Google Scholar
• van Knippenberg D, Sitkin SB (2013) A critical assessment of charismatic-transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board? Acad. Management Ann. 7(1):1–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Walter F, Bruch H (2009) An affective events model of charismatic leadership behavior: A review, theoretical integration, and research agenda. J. Management 35(6):1428–1452.Google Scholar
• Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (Cambridge University Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weber M (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Zitek EM, Tiedens LZ (2012) The fluency of social hierarchy: The ease with which hierarchical relationships are seen, remembered, learned, and liked. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 102(1):98–115.Crossref, Google Scholar