Embracing, Passing, Revealing, and the Ideal Worker Image: How People Navigate Expected and Experienced Professional Identities

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0975

References

  • Acker J (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender Soc. 4(2):139–158.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Agresti A, Finlay B (1997) Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 3rd ed. (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Alvesson M (2001) Knowledge work: Ambiguity, image and identity. Human Relations 54(7):863–886.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Alvesson M, Kärreman D (2007) Unraveling HRM: Identity, ceremony, and control in a management consulting firm. Organ. Sci. 18(4):711–723.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Alvesson M, Willmott H (2002) Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. J. Management Stud. 39(5):619–644.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Anteby M (2008a) Identity incentives as an engaging form of control: Revisiting leniencies in an aeronautic plant. Organ. Sci. 19(2):202–220.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Anteby M (2008b) Moral Gray Zones: Side Productions, Identity and Regulation in an Aeronautic Plant (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Anteby M (2013) Relaxing the taboo on telling our own stories: Upholding professional distance and personal involvement. Organ. Sci. 24(4):1277–1290.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Ashcraft KL (2005) Resistance through consent? Occupational identity, organizational form, and the maintenance of masculinity among commercial airline pilots. Management Comm. Quart. 19(1):67–90.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ashcraft KL (2013) The glass slipper: “Incorporating” occupational identity in management studies. Acad. Management Rev. 38(1):6–31.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ashforth BE (2001) Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity-Based Perspective (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Ashforth BE, Harrison SH, Corley KG (2008) Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. J. Management 34(3):325–374.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bailyn L (2006) Breaking the Mold: Redesigning Work for Productive and Satisfying Lives (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).Google Scholar
  • Barbulescu R, Bidwell M (2013) Do women choose different jobs from men? Mechanisms of application segregation in the market for managerial workers. Organ. Sci. 24(3):737–756.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Beatty JE, Joffe R (2006) An overlooked dimension of diversity: The career effects of chronic illness. Organ. Dynam. 35(2):182–195.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Becker HS, Carper JW (1956) The development of identification with an occupation. Amer. J. Sociol. 61(4):289–298.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bennett RJ, Robinson SL (2003) The past, present, and future of workplace deviance research. Greenberg J, ed. Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ), 247–281.Google Scholar
  • Blair-Loy M (2003) Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
  • Cech EA, Blair-Loy M (2014) Consequences of flexibility stigma among academic scientists and engineers. Work Occupations 41(1):86–110.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Charmaz K (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
  • Christopher K (2012) Extensive mothering: Employed mothers’ constructions of the good mother. Gender Soc. 26(1):73–96.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Clair JA, Beatty JE, Maclean TL (2005) Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Acad. Management Rev. 30(1):78–95.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Clair JA, Humberd BK, Caruso HM, Roberts LM (2012) Marginal memberships: Psychological effects of identity ambiguity on professionals who are demographically different from the majority. Organ. Psych. Rev. 2(1):71–93.Google Scholar
  • Collinson DL (2003) Identities and insecurities: Selves at work. Organization 10(3):527–547.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Correll SJ, Kelly EL, O’Connor LT, Williams JC (2014) Redesigning, redefining work. Work Occupations 41(1):3–17.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Creed WED, Scully M (2000) Songs of ourselves: Employees’ deployment of social identity in workplace encounters. J. Management Inquiry 9(4):391–412.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • DeJordy R (2008) Just passing through: Stigma, passing, and identity decoupling in the workplace. Group Organ. Management 33(5):504–531.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eisenhardt KM (1989) Building theories from case study research. Acad. Management Rev. 14(4):532–550.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ely R, Padavic I (2007) A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences. Acad. Management Rev. 32(4):1121–1143.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ely RJ (1995) The power in demography: Women’s social constructions of gender identity at work. Acad. Management J. 38(3):589–634.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ely RJ, Meyerson DE (2010) An organizational approach to undoing gender: The unlikely case of offshore oil platforms. Res. Organ. Behav. 30:3–34.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gagnon S, Collinson DL (2014) Rethinking global leadership development programmes: The interrelated significance of power, context and identity. Organ. Stud. 35(5):645–670.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Galinsky E, Aumann K, Bond JT (2009) Times are changing: Gender and generation at work and at home. 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce, Families and Work Institute,New York.Google Scholar
  • Gecas V (1982) The self-concept. Annual Rev. Sociol. 8:1–33.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Goffman E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Simon & Schuster, New York).Google Scholar
  • Goffman A (2014) On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hall DT (1976) Careers in Organizations (Goodyear, Pacific Palisades, CA).Google Scholar
  • Hewlin PF (2003) And the award for best actor goes to …: Facades of conformity in organizational settings. Acad. Management Rev. 28(4):633–642.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hollander EP (1958) Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit. Psych. Rev. 65(2):117–127.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Humberd BK, Ladge J, Harrington B (2014) The “new” dad: Navigating fathering identity within organizational contexts. J. Bus. Psych., ePub ahead of print May 22, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-9361-x.Google Scholar
  • Ibarra H (1995) Race, opportunity and diversity of social circles in managerial networks. Acad. Management J. 38(3):673–703.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ibarra H (1997) Paving an alternative route: Gender differences in managerial networks. Soc. Psych. Quart. 60(1):91–102.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ibarra H (1999) Provisional selves: Experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(4):764–791.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ibarra H, Barbulescu R (2010) Identity as narrative: Prevalence, effectiveness, and consequences of narrative identity work in macro work role transitions. Acad. Management Rev. 35(1):135–154.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jackall R (1988) Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Jones KP, King EB (2014) Managing concealable stigmas at work: A review and multilevel model. J. Management 40(5):1466–1494.Google Scholar
  • Kellogg KC (2011) Challenging Operations: Medical Reform and Resistance in Surgery (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kreiner GE, Hollensbe EC, Sheep ML (2006) Where is the “me” among the “we”? Identity work and the search for optimal balance. Acad. Management J. 49(5):1031–1057.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kreiner GE, Hollensbe EC, Sheep ML (2009) Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Acad. Management J. 52(4):704–730.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kunda G (1992) Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Temple University Press, Philadelphia).Google Scholar
  • Ladge JJ, Clair JA, Greenberg D (2012) Cross-domain identity transition during liminal periods: Constructing multiple selves as “professional and mother” during pregnancy. Acad. Management J. 55(6):1449–1471.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lamont M, Swidler A (2014) Methodological pluralism and the possibilities and limits of interviewing. Qualitative Sociol. 37(2):153–171.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lepisto DA, Crosina E, Pratt MG (2015) Identity work within and beyond the professions: Toward a theoretical integration and extension. Desilva A, Aparicio M, eds. International Handbook About Professional Identities. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
  • Leslie LM, Manchester CF (2011) Work–family conflict is a social issue, not a women’s issue. Indust. Organ. Psych. 4(3):414–417.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lyness KS, Heilman ME (2006) When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers. J. Appl. Psych. 91(4):777–785.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Maitlis S (2009) Who Am I Now? Sensemaking and Identity in Posttraumatic Growth (Psychology Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Manchester CF, Leslie LM, Kramer A (2013) Is the clock still ticking? An evaluation of the consequences of stopping the tenure clock. ILR Rev. 66(1):3–31.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Markus H, Nurius P (1986) Possible selves. Amer. Psychologist 41(9):954–969.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Michel A (2011) Transcending socialization: A nine-year ethnography of the body’s role in organizational control and knowledge workers’ transformation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 56(3):325–368.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Moen P, Lam J, Ammons SK, Kelly EL (2013) Time work by overworked professionals: Strategies in response to the stress of higher status. Work Occupations 40(2):79–114.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Obodaru O (2012) The self not taken: How alternative selves develop and how they influence our professional lives. Acad. Management Rev. 37(1):34–57.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ollier-Malaterre A, Rothbard NP, Berg J (2013) When worlds collide in cyberspace: How boundary work in online social networks impacts professional relationships. Acad. Management Rev. 38(4):645–669.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Perlow LA (1998) Boundary control: The social ordering of work and family time in a high-tech corporation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 43(2):328–357.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Petriglieri G, Petriglieri JL (2010) Identity workspaces: The case of business schools. Acad. Management Learn. Ed. 9(1):44–60.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Phillips KW, Rothbard NP, Dumas TL (2009) To disclose or not to disclose? Status distance and self-disclosure in diverse environments. Acad. Management Rev. 34(4):710–732.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pratt MG (2000) The good, the bad, and ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Admin. Sci. Quart. 45(3):456–493.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pratt MG, Rockmann KW, Kaufmann JB (2006) Constructing professional identity: The role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents. Acad. Management J. 49(2):235–262.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ragins BR (2008) Disclosure disconnects: Antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains. Acad. Management Rev. 33(1):194–215.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ragins BR, Singh R, Cornwell JM (2006) Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. J. Appl. Psych. 92(4):1103–1118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ramarajan L (2014) Past, present and future research on multiple identities: Toward an intrapersonal network approach. Acad. Management Ann. 8(1):589–659.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ramarajan L, Reid EM (2013) Shattering the myth of separate worlds: Negotiating non-work identities at work. Acad. Management Rev. 38(4):621–644.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rivera L (2012) Hiring as cultural matching: The case of elite professional service firms. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 77(6):999–1022.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Roberts LM (2005) Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Acad. Management Rev. 30(4):685–711.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Roberts LM, Dutton JE, eds. (2009) Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation (Psychology Press, New York).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rosette AS, Dumas TL (2007) The hair dilemma: Conform to mainstream expectations or emphasize racial identity. Duke J. Gender Law Policy 14(1):407–422.Google Scholar
  • Rosette AS, Leonardelli G, Phillips K (2008) The white standard: Racial bias in leader categorization. J. Appl. Psych. 93(4):758–777.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Roth LM (2006) Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Rothbard NP, Phillips KW, Dumas TL (2005) Managing multiple roles: Work-family policies and individuals’ desires for segmentation. Organ. Sci. 16(3):243–258.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Stone P (2007) Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (University of California Press, Berkeley).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Trefalt S (2013) Between you and me: Setting work-nonwork boundaries in the context of workplace relationships. Acad. Management J. 56(6):1775–1801.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Trefalt S, Heaphy E (2014) Process and management expertise: The relational construction of temporal flexibility. Acad. Management Proc. 1(Meeting abstract supplement):Abstract 11125.Google Scholar
  • Turco CJ (2010) Cultural foundations of tokenism: Evidence from the leveraged buyout industry. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 75(6):894–913.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Uhlmann EL, Heaphy E, Ashford SJ, Zhu L, Sanchez-Burks J (2013) Acting professional: An exploration of culturally bounded norms against non-work role referencing. J. Organ. Behav. 34(6):866–886.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Van Maanen J, Barley SR (1984) Occupational communities: Culture and control in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 6:287–365.Google Scholar
  • Van Maanen J, Schein EH (1979) Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Res. Organ. Behav. 1:209–264.Google Scholar
  • Warren DE (2003) Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 28(4):622–632.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wayne SJ, Ferris GR (1990) Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor/subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. J. Appl. Psych. 75(5):487–499.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Webber G, Williams C (2008) Mothers in “good” and “bad” part-time jobs: Different problems, same results. Gender Soc. 22(6):752–777.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Williams JC (2000) Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Williams JC, Blair-Loy M, Berdahl JL (2013) Cultural schemas, social class, and the flexibility stigma. J. Soc. Issues 69(2):209–234.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wrzesniewski A, Dutton JE (2001) Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad. Management Rev. 26(2):179–201.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Yoshino K (2007) Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights (Random House, New York).Google Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.