Gender Bias, Social Impact Framing, and Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Ventures

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172

References

  • Aaker J (1997) Dimensions of brand personality. J. Marketing Res. 34(August):347–357.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Aaker J, Vohs KD, Mogilner C (2010) Nonprofits are seen as warm and for-profits as competent: Firm stereotypes matter. J. Consumer Res. 37(2):224–237.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Acker J (2006) Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender Soc. 20(4):441–464.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Aldrich HE, Fiol CM (1994) Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Acad. Management Rev. 19(4):645–670.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Aldrich HE, Martinez MA (2001) Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice 25(4):41–56.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Alsos GA, Isaksen EJ, Ljunggren E (2006) New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice 30(5):667–686.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Baird JE Jr, Bradley PH (1979) Styles of management and communication: A comparative study of men and women. Commun. Monographs 46(2):101–111.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Baron JN, Mittman BS, Newman AE (1991) Targets of opportunity: Organizational and environmental determinants of gender integration within the California civil service, 1979–1985. Amer. J. Sociol. 96(6):1362–1401.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Battilana J, Lee M (2014) Advancing research on hybrid organizing—Insights from the study of social enterprises. Acad. Management Ann. 8(1):397–441.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Becker-Blease JR, Sohl JE (2007) Do women-owned businesses have equal access to angel capital? J. Bus. Venturing 22(4):503–521.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Benford RD, Snow DA (2000) Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Rev. Sociol. 26:611–639.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bielby WT, Baron JN (1986) Men and women at work: Sex segregation and statistical discrimination. Amer. J. Sociol. 91(4):759–799.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bingham CB, Eisenhardt KM (2011) Rational heuristics: The “simple rules” that strategists learn from process experience. Strategic Management J. 32(13):1437–1464.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Boden RJ, Nucci AR (2000) On the survival prospects of men’s and women’s new business ventures. J. Bus. Venturing 15(4):347–362.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Borkenau P, Mauer N, Riemann R, Spinath FM, Angleitner A (2004) Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 86(4):599–614.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bowles HR, Babcock L, Lai L (2007) Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 103(1):84–103.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brands RA, Menges JI, Kilduff M (2015) The leader-in-social-network schema: Perceptions of network structure affect gendered attributions of charisma. Organ. Sci. 26(4):1210–1225.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Brant R (1990) Assessing proportionality in the proportional odds model for ordinal logistic regression. Biometrics 46:1171–1178.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brooks AW, Huang L, Kearney SW, Murray FE (2014) Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(12):4427–4431.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Buchanan L (2016) What’s next for Toms, the $400 million for-profit built on karmic capital. Inc. Magazine (May). Accessed December 1, 2016, https://www.inc.com/magazine/201605/leigh-buchanan/toms-founder-blake-mycoskie-social-entrepreneurship.html.Google Scholar
  • Buttner EH, Rosen B (1988) Bank loan officers’ perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs. J. Bus. Venturing 3(3):249–258.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cardon MS, Wincent J, Singh J, Drnovsek M (2009) The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Acad. Management Rev. 34(3):511–532.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Carli LL (2006) Gender issues in workplace groups: Effects of gender and communication style on social influence. Barrett M, Davidson MJ, eds. Gender and Communication at Work (Ashgate, Burlington, VT), 69–83.Google Scholar
  • Carli LL, Bukatko D (2000) Gender, communication, and social influence: A developmental perspective. Eckes T, Trautner HM, eds. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender (Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ), 295–331.Google Scholar
  • Carter N, Brush C, Greene P, Gatewood E, Hart M (2003) Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital: Internat. J. Entrepreneurial Finance 5(1):1–28.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Carter S, Rosa P (1998) The financing of male- and female-owned businesses. Entrepreneurship Regional Development 10(3):225–242.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Carter S, Shaw E, Lam W, Wilson F (2007) Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice 31(3):427–444.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cohen PN, Huffman ML (2007) Working for the woman? Female managers and the gender wage gap. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 72(5):681–704.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Coleman S, Robb A (2012) A Rising Tide: Financing Strategies for Women-Owned Firms (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).Google Scholar
  • Cornelissen JP, Werner MD (2014) Putting framing in perspective: A review of framing and frame analysis across the management and organizational literature. Acad. Management Ann. 8(1):181–235.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cuddy AJ, Norton MI, Fiske ST (2005) This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. J. Soc. Issues 61(2):267–85.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cuddy AJ, Fiske ST, Kwan VS, Glick P, Demoulin S, Leyens JP, Bond MH, et al.. (2009) Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British J. Soc. Psych. 48(1):1–33.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dimitriadis S, Lee M, Ramarajan L, Battilana J (2016) Blurring the boundaries: The interplay of gender and local communities in the commercialization of social ventures. Organ. Sci. 28(5):819–839.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Eagly AH, Carli LL (2007) Through the Labyrinth: The Truth About How Women Become Leaders (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
  • Eagly AH, Diekman AB (2005) What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude in context. Dovidio JF, Glick P, Rudman LA, eds. On the Nature of Prejudice (Blackwell, Malden, MA), 19–35.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eagly AH, Karau SJ (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psych. Rev. 109(3):573–598.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Eagly AH, Steffen VJ (1984) Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 46(4):735–754.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Etsy (2008) Call for feminist crafters: Crafting resistance and community. Etsy Blog (January 30), https://blog.etsy.com/en/call-for-feminist-crafters-crafting-resistance-community/.Google Scholar
  • Fairlie RW, Robb AM (2009) Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Small Bus. Econ. 33(4):375–395.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fauchart E, Gruber M (2011) Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Acad. Management J. 54(5):935–957.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fiske ST (1998) Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., Vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill, Boston), 357–411.Google Scholar
  • Fiske ST, Neuberg SL (1990) A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Adv. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 23:1–74.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fiske ST, Cuddy AJ, Glick P, Xu J (2002) A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 82(6):878–902.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fosfuri A, Giarratana MS, Roca E (2016) Social business hybrids: Demand externalities, competitive advantage, and growth through diversification. Organ. Sci. 27(5):1275–1289.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Fyock J, Stangor C (1994) The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. British J. Soc. Psych. 33(3):331–343.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Galaskiewicz J, Barringer SN (2012) Social enterprises and social categories. Gidron B, Hasenfeld Y, eds. Social Enterprises: An Organizational Perspective (Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK), 47–70.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Garber S (2013) Why aren’t more women entrepreneurs in tech accelerators? Forbes (March 7), https://www.forbes.com/sites/stellafayman/2013/03/07/why-arent-more-women-entrepreneurs-in-tech-accelerators/.Google Scholar
  • Ghimire KB, Pimbert MP (2013) Social Change and Conservation, Vol. 16 (Routledge, Abingdon, UK).Google Scholar
  • Goodstein ES (2011) Economics and the Environment (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Graham JR, Harvey CR (2001) The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field. J. Financial Econom. 60(2):187–243.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Greene PG, Brush CG, Hart MM, Saparito P (2001) Patterns of venture capital funding: Is gender a factor? Venture Capital 3(1):63–83.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gupta VK, Turban DB (2012) Evaluation of new business ideas: Do gender stereotypes play a role? J. Managerial Issues 24(2):140–156.Google Scholar
  • Hamilton DL, Trolier TK (1986) Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. Dovidio JF, Gaertner SL, eds. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism (Academic Press, San Diego, CA), 127–163.Google Scholar
  • Hayes AF (2012) PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. White paper. Accessed March 1, 2017, http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.Google Scholar
  • Hechavarría DM, Terjesen SA, Ingram AE, Renko M, Justo R, Elam A (2016) Taking care of business: The impact of culture and gender on entrepreneurs’ blended value creation goals. Small Bus. Econom. 48(1):225–257.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Heilman ME (1983) Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Res. Organ. Behav. 5:269–298.Google Scholar
  • Heilman ME (2012) Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Res. Organ. Behav. 32:113–135.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Heilman ME, Chen JJ (2003) Entrepreneurship as a solution: The allure of self-employment for women and minorities. Human Resource Management Rev. 13(2):347–364.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hisrich RD, Jankowicz AD (1990) Intuition in venture capital decisions: An exploratory study using a new technique. J. Bus. Venturing 5(1):49–62.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Holoien DS, Fiske ST (2013) Downplaying positive impressions: Compensation between warmth and competence in impression management. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 49(1):33–41.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Huang L, Knight AP (2017) Resources and relationships in entrepreneurship: An exchange theory of the development and effects of the entrepreneur-investor relationship. Acad. Management Rev. 42(1):80–102.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Huang L, Pearce JL (2015) Managing the unknowable: The effectiveness of early-stage investor gut feel in entrepreneurial investment decisions. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(4):634–670.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jay J (2013) Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations. Acad. Management J. 56(1):137–159.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jennings JE, Brush CG (2013) Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Acad. Management Ann. 7(1):663–715.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Judd CM, James-Hawkins L, Yzerbyt V, Kashima Y (2005) Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 89(6):899–913.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kanter RM (1977) Work and Family in the United States: A Critical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY).Google Scholar
  • Kaplan S (2008) Framing contests: Strategy making under uncertainty. Organ. Sci. 19(5):729–752.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Kaplan SN, Sensoy BA, Strömberg P (2009) Should investors bet on the jockey or the horse? Evidence from the evolution of firms from early business plans to public companies. J. Finance 64(1):75–115.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kerr WR, Lerner J, Schoar A (2014) The consequences of entrepreneurial finance: Evidence from angel financings. Rev. Financial Stud. 27(1):20–55.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kim PH, Longest KC, Lippmann S (2015) The tortoise versus the hare: Progress and business viability differences between conventional and leisure-based founders. J. Bus. Venturing 30(2):185–204.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • King G, Tomz M, Wittenberg J (2000) Making the most of statistical analyses: Improving interpretation and presentation. Am. J. Political Sci. 44(2):347–361.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kirsch D, Goldfarb B, Gera A (2009) Form or substance: The role of business plans in venture capital decision making. Strategic Management J. 30(5):487–515.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kunda Z, Spencer SJ (2003) When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psych. Bull. 129(4):522.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lounsbury M, Glynn MA (2001) Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management J. 22(6):545–564.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • MacMillan IC, Siegel R, Narasimha PN (1986) Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals. J. Bus. Venturing 1(1):119–128.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • MacMillan IC, Zemann L, Subbanarasimha PN (1987) Criteria distinguishing successful from unsuccessful ventures in the venture screening process. J. Bus. Venturing 2(2):123–137.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Macrae CN, Bodenhausen GV (2001) Social cognition: Categorical person perception. British J. Psych. 92(1):239–255.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Martens ML, Jennings JE, Jennings PD (2007) Do the stories they tell get them the money they need? The role of entrepreneurial narratives in resource acquisition. Acad. Management J. 50(5):1107–1132.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Maxwell AL, Lévesque M (2014) Trustworthiness: A critical ingredient for entrepreneurs seeking investors. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice 38(5):1057–1080.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McMullen JS, Shepherd DA (2006) Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Acad. Management Rev. 31(1):132–152.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Rev. Sociol. 27:415–444.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nelson T, Lévesque LL (2007) The status of women in corporate governance in high-growth, high-potential firms. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice 31(2):209–232.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pache AC, Santos F (2013) Inside the hybrid organization: Selective coupling as a response to competing institutional logics. Acad. Management J. 56(4):972–1001.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF (2007) Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behav. Res. 42(1):185–227.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Prentice DA, Carranza E (2002) What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psych. Women Quart. 26(4):269–281.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Price S (2015) Woman-focused accelerators: A step forward or holding women back? Fortune (May 4), http://fortune.com/2015/05/04/all-women-accelerators/.Google Scholar
  • Reskin B (2003) Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 68:1–21.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Reskin BF, McBrier DB, Kmec JA (1999) The determinants and consequences of workplace sex and race composition. Annual Rev. Sociol. 25:335–361.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Robb AM, Watson J (2012) Gender differences in firm performance: Evidence from new ventures in the United States. J. Bus. Venturing 27(5):544–558.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Robinson RB (1987) Emerging strategies in the venture capital industry. J. Bus. Venturing 2(1):53–77.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rudman LA (1998) Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counter-stereotypical impression management. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 74(3):629–645.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rudman LA, Glick P (1999) Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 77(5):1004–1010.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rudman LA, Glick P (2001) Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. J. Soc. Issues 57(4):743–762.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rudman LA, Phelan JE (2008) Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 28:61–79.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Scandura TA, Williams EA (2000) Research methodology in management: Current practices, trends, and implications for future research. Acad. Management J. 43(6):1248–1264.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shane SA (2000) A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK).Google Scholar
  • Shinar EH (1978) Person perception as a function of occupation and sex. Sex Roles 4(5):679–693.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Solnick SJ, Schweitzer ME (1999) The influence of physical attractiveness and gender on ultimatum game decisions. Org. Behav. Human Decision Processes 79(3):199–215.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Srivastava SB, Sherman EL (2015) Agents of change or cogs in the machine? Reexamining the influence of female managers on the gender wage gap. Amer. J. Sociol. 120(6):1778–1808.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stephens NM, Levine CS (2011) Opting out or denying discrimination? How the framework of free choice in American society influences perceptions of gender inequality. Psych. Sci. 22(10):1231–1236.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stevenson HH, Jarillo JC (1990) A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management J. 11(5):17–27.Google Scholar
  • Thébaud S (2015) Business as plan B: Institutional foundations of gender inequality in entrepreneurship across 24 industrialized countries. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(4):671–711.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tyebjee TT, Bruno AV (1984) A model of venture capitalist investment activity. Management Sci. 30(9):1051–1066.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Verheul I, Thurik R (2001) Start-up capital: “Does gender matter?” Small Bus. Econom. 16(4):329–346.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • White JB, Gardner WL (2009) Think women, think warm: Stereotype content activation in women with a salient gender identity, using a modified Stroop task. Sex Roles 60(3–4):247–260.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wiley MG, Eskilson A (1985) Speech style, gender stereotypes, and corporate success: What if women talk more like men? Sex Roles 12(9):993–10007.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Winship C, Mare RD (1984) Regression models with ordinal variables. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 49(4):512–525.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wry T, York JG (2017) An identity-based approach to social enterprise. Acad. Management Rev. 42(3):437–460.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wu A (2016) Organizational decision-making and information: Angel investments by venture capital partners. Working paper. Harvard Business School.Google Scholar
  • Yzerbyt V, Provost V, Corneille O (2005) Not competent but warm. … really? Compensatory stereotypes in the French-speaking world. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 8:291–308.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zacharakis AL, Meyer GD (1998) A lack of insight: Do venture capitalists really understand their own decision process? J. Bus. Venturing 13(1):57–76.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zelner BA (2009) Using simulation to interpret results from logit, probit, and other nonlinear models. Strategic Management J. 30(12):1335–1348.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zott C, Huy QN (2007) How entrepreneurs use symbolic management to acquire resources. Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(1):70–105.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.