Tasks Interrupted: How Anticipating Time Pressure on Resumption of an Interrupted Task Causes Attention Residue and Low Performance on Interrupting Tasks and How a “Ready-to-Resume” Plan Mitigates the Effects

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1184

References

  • Altmann EM, Trafton JG (2007) Timecourse of recovery from task interruption: Data and a model. Psych. Bull. Rev. 14(6):1079–1084.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Armor DA, Taylor SE (2003) The effects of mindset on behavior: Self-regulation in deliberative and implemental frames of mind. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 29(1):86–95.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Austin JT, Vancouver JB (1996) Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process and content. Psych. Bull. 120(3):338–375.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bandura A (2001) Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Ann. Rev. Psych. 52(1):1–26.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Beal DJ, Weiss HM, Barros E, MacDermid SM (2005) An episodic process model of affective influences on performance. J. Appl. Psych. 9(6):1054–1068.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brixey JJ, Robinson DJ, Turley JP, Zhang J (2010) The roles of MDs and RNs as initiators and recipients of interruptions in workflow. Internat. J. Medical Informatics 79(6):109–115.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Carver CS, Scheier MF (1988) On the Self-Regulation of Behavior (Cambridge University Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Cellier J, Eyrolle H (1992) Interference between switched tasks. Ergonomics 35(1):25–36.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Colquitt JA (2008) From the editors publishing laboratory research in AMJ: A question of when, not if. Acad. Management J. 51(4): 616–620.Google Scholar
  • Czerwinski M, Horvitz E, Wilhite S (2004) A diary study of task switching and interruptions. Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 175–182.Google Scholar
  • De Dreu CKW, Koole S, Oldersma FL (1999) On the seizing and freezing of negotiator inferences: Need for cognitive closure moderates the use of heuristics in negotiation. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 25(3):348–362.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • De Grada E, Kruglanski AW, Mannetti L, Pierro A (1999) Motivated cognition and group interaction: Need for closure affects the contents and processes of collective negotiations. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 35(4):346–365.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • DeNisi AS, Shaw JB (1977) Investigation of the use of self-report of abilities. J. Appl. Psych. 62(5):641–644.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Denzin NK (1978) The Research Act, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York).Google Scholar
  • Dijksterhuis A, Bos MW, Nordgren LF, Van Baaren RB (2006) On making the right choice: The deliberation-without-attention effect. Science 311(5763):1005–1007.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fowler FJ (1995) Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
  • Fried Y, Slowik LH (2004) Enriching goal-setting theory with time: An integrated approach. Acad. Management Rev. 29(3):404–422.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gollwitzer PM (1993) Goal achievement: The role of intentions. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psych. 4(1):141–185.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gollwitzer PM (1999) Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. Amer. Psych. 54(7):493–503.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P (2006) Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Zanna MP Jr, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 38 (Elsevier, London), 69–119.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gollwitzer PM, Heckhausen H, Steller B (1990) Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 59(6): 1119–1127.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • González V, Mark G (2004) “Constant, constant, multi-tasking craziness”: Managing multiple working spheres. Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 113–120.Google Scholar
  • Harrison DA, Price KH, Gavin JH, Florey AT (2002) Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Acad. Management J. 45(5): 1029–1045.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hayes MH (2009) Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling (John Wiley & Sons, New York).Google Scholar
  • Jenkins GD, Nadler DA, Lawler EE, Cammann C (1975) Standardized observations: An approach to measuring the nature of jobs. J. Appl. Psych. 60(2):171–181.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jett QR, George JM (2003) Work interrupted: A closer look at the role of interruptions in organizational life. Acad. Management Rev. 28(3):494–507.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Johnson RE, Chang CH, Lord RG (2006) Moving from cognition to behavior: What the research says. Psych. Bull. 132(3):381–415.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kahn WA (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Acad. Management J. 3(4):692–724.Google Scholar
  • Kahn WA (1992) To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations 45(4):321–349.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kahneman D (1973) Attention and Effort (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Kanfer R, Ackerman PL (1989) Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. J. Appl. Psych. 74(4):657–690.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kanfer RK, Ackerman PL, Murtha TD, Dugdale B, Nelson L (1994) Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: A resource allocation perspective. J. Appl. Psych. 79(6):826–835.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Karau SJ, Kelly JR (1992) The effects of time pressure and time abundance on group performance quality and interaction process. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 28(6):542–571.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kelly JR, Karau SJ (1999) Group decision making: The effects of initial preferences and time pressure. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 25(11):1342–1354.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kreckler S, Catchpole K, Bottomley M, Handa A, McCulloch P (2008) Interruptions during drug rounds: An observational study. British J. Nursing 17(21):1326–1330.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kruglanski AW, Webster DM (1996) Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing.” Psych. Rev. 103(2):263–283.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kruglanski AW, Webster DM, Klem A (1993) Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Attitudes Soc. Cognition 65(5):861–876.Google Scholar
  • Latham GP, Saari LM (1979) Importance of supportive relationships in goal setting. J. Appl. Psych. 64(2):151–156.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Leroy S (2009) Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 109(2):168–181.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Leroy S, Schmidt AM (2016) The effect of regulatory focus on attention residue following interruptions. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 137(November):218–235.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lewin K (1926) Vorsatz, Wille und Bedurfnis. Psychologische Forschung 7:330–385.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lewin K (1935) A Dynamic Theory of Personality (McGraw Hill, New York).Google Scholar
  • Mark G, Gonzalez VM, Harris J (2005) No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 321–330.Google Scholar
  • Mark G, Gudith D, Klocke U (2008) The cost of interrupted work: More speed and stress. Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors Comput. Systems (ACM, New York), 107–110.Google Scholar
  • Marsh RL, Hicks JL, Bink ML (1998) Activation of completed, uncompleted, and partially completed intentions. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych.: Learn., Memory, Cognition 24(2):350–361.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Martin LL, Tesser A (1996) Ruminative thoughts. Wyer RS Jr, ed. Advances in Social Cognition, Vol. 9 (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ), 1–47.Google Scholar
  • Masicampo EJ, Baumeister RF (2011) Unfulfilled goals interfere with tasks that require executive functions. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 47(2):300–311.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McGrath JE (1984) Groups: Interaction and Performance, Vol. 14 (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).Google Scholar
  • Meyer DE, Schvaneveldt RW (1971) Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 90(2):227–234.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Miner AG, Glomb TM (2010) State mood, task performance, and behavior at work: A within-persons approach. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 112(1):43–57.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Monk CA, Boehm-Davis DA, Trafton JG (2004) Recovering from interruptions: Implications for driver distraction research. Human Factors 46(4):650–663.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Monsell S (2003) Task switching. Trends Cognitive Sci. 7(3):134–140.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Moskowitz GB (2002) Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 38(4):397–404.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Murtha S, Chertkow H, Beauregard M, Dixon R, Evans A (1996) Anticipation causes increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate cortex. Human Brain Mapping 4(2):103–112.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Norman DA, Bobrow G (1975) On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psych. 7(1):44–64.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nouwen HJ (2004) Out of Solitude: Three Meditations on the Christian Life (Ave Maria Press, Notre Dame, IN).Google Scholar
  • Oulasvirta A, Saariluoma P (2006) Surviving task interruptions: Investigating the implications of long-term working memory theory. Internat. J. Human-Comput. Stud. 64(10):941–961.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pennebaker JW (1997) Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psych. Sci. 8(3):162–166.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Perlow LA (1999) The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(1):57–81.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J, Podsakoff NP (2003) Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psych. 88(5): 879–903.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Posner MI, Fan J (2008) Attention as an organ system. Pomerantz JR, ed. Topics in Integrative Neuroscience: From Cells to Cognition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 31–61.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Posner MI, Rothbart MK (2007) Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Rev. Psych. 58:1–23.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav. Res. Methods, Instruments, Comput. 36(4):717–731.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2008) Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 40(3):879–891.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ramirez G, Beilock SL (2011) Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science 331(6014):211–213.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rothbard NP, Patil S (2011) Being there: Work engagement and positive organizational scholarship. Cameron KS, Spreitzer GM, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (Oxford University Press, New York), 56–69.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rothermund K (2003) Automatic vigilance for task-related information: Perseverance after failure and inhibition after success. Memory Cognition 31(3):343–352.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Schmidt AM, DeShon RP (2007) What to do? The effects of discrepancies, incentives, and time on dynamic goal prioritization. J. Appl. Psych. 92(4):928–941.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shah JY, Kruglanski AW (2002) Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 38(4):368–383.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shaw JD, Gupta N (2004) Job complexity, performance, and well-being: When does supplies-values fit matter? Personnel Psych. 57(4):847–879.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shrout PE, Bolger N (2002) Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psych. Methods 7(4):422–445.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sio UN, Ormerod TC (2009) Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review. Psych. Bull. 135(1):94–120.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Smit BW, Barber LK (2016) Psychologically detaching despite high workloads: The role of attentional processes. J. Occupational Health Psych. 21(4):432–442.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Speier C, Valacich JS, Vessey I (1999) The influence of task interruption on individual decision making: An information overload perspective. Decision Sci. 30(2):337–360.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Speier C, Vessey I, Valacich J (2003) The effects of interruptions and information presentation formats on decision performance. Decision Sci. 34(4):771–797.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Spira JB, Feintuch JB (2005) The Cost of Not Paying Attention: How Interruptions Impact Knowledge Worker Productivity (Basex, New York).Google Scholar
  • Trafton JG, Altman EM, Brock DP, Mintz FE (2003) Preparing to resume an interrupted task: Effects of prospective goal encoding and retrospective rehearsal. Internat. J. Human-Comput. Stud. 58(5):583–603.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wegner DM, Schneider DJ, Carter SR 3rd, White TL (1987) Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 53(1):5–13.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wheeler MA, Stuss DT, Tulving E (1997) Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psych. Bull. 121(3):331–354.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zeigarnik B (1927) Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen [The memory of completed and uncompleted actions]. Psychologische Forschung 9:1–85.Google Scholar
  • Zijlstra FRH, Roe RA, Leonora AB, Krediet I (1999) Temporal factors in mental work: Effects of interrupted activities. J. Occupational Organ. Psych. 72(2):163–185.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN (1999) Putting time in perspective: A new individual differences metric. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 77(6): 1271–1288.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.