Blurred Lines: How the Collectivism Norm Operates Through Perceived Group Diversity to Boost or Harm Group Performance in Himalayan Mountain Climbing

References

• Allport GW (1954) The Nature of Prejudice (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).Google Scholar
• Anicich EM, Swaab RI, Galinsky AD (2015) Hierarchical cultural values predict success and mortality in high-stakes teams. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112(5):1338–1343.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Mael F (1989) Social identity theory and the organization. Acad. Management Rev. 14(1):20–39.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bell ST (2007) Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. 92(3):595–615.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bell ST, Villado AJ, Lukasik MA, Belau L, Briggs A (2011) Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationships: A meta-analysis. J. Management 37(3):709–743.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Betancourt H, Lopez HR (1993) The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. Amer. Psych. 48(6):629–637.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blau PM (1977) Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure (Free Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Higgins ET, Low MB (2004) Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process. J. Bus. Venturing 19(2):203–220.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bunderson JS, Sutcliffe KM (2002) Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams: Process and performance effects. Acad. Management J. 45(5):875–893.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chatman JA, Flynn FJ (2001) The influence of demographic heterogeneity on the emergence and consequences of cooperative norms in work teams. Acad. Management J. 44(5):956–974.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chatman JA, Polzer JT, Barsade SG, Neale MA (1998) Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Admin. Sci. Quart. 43(4):749–780.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Chen XP, Miendl JR (1998) How can cooperation be fostered? The cultural effects of individualism-collectivism. Acad. Management Rev. 23(2):285–304.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chua RY, Roth Y, Lemoine JF (2015) The impact of culture on creativity: How cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(2):189–227.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58(6):1015–1026.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Connally C (2004) The Mountaineering Handbook: Modern Tools and Techniques That Will Take You to the Top (Ragged Mountain Press/McGraw-Hill, Camden, ME).Google Scholar
• Daniels DP, Neale MA, Greer LL (2017) Spillover bias in diversity judgment. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 139(1):92–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Dreu CK, Weingart LR (2003) Task vs. relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. 88(4):741–749.Crossref, Google Scholar
• De Dreu CK, West MA (2001) Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. J. Appl. Psych. 86(6):1191–1201.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Earley PC (1989) Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Admin. Sci. Quart. 34(4):565–581.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Earley PC (1993) East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Acad. Management J. 36(2):319–348.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ellemers N, De Gilder D, Haslam SA (2004) Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Acad. Management Rev. 29(3):459–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ely RJ (2004) A field study of group diversity, participation in diversity education programs, and performance. J. Organ. Behav. 25(6):755–780.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ely RJ, Meyerson DE (2010) Theories of gender in organizations: A new approach to organizational analysis and change. Res. Organ. Behav. 22:103–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fiske ST, Markus HR (2012) Facing Social Class: How Societal Rank Influences Interaction (Russell Sage Foundation, New York).Google Scholar
• Flynn FJ, Chatman JA, Spataro SE (2001) Getting to know you: The influence of personality on impressions and performance of demographically different people in organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 46(3):414–442.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Frank F, Anderson LR (1971) Effects of task and group size upon group productivity and member satisfaction. Sociometry 34(1):135–149.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fu JH, Morris MW, Lee SI, Chao M, Chiu C (2007) Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: Need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 92(2):191–207.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gaertner SL, Dovidio JF, Banker BS, Houlette M, Johnson KM, McGlynn EA (2000) Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics 4(1):98–114.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Galinsky AD, Leonardelli GJ, Okhuysen GA, Mussweiler T (2005) Regulatory focus at the bargaining table: Promoting distributive and integrative success. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 31(8):1087–1098.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gardner HK (2012) Performance pressure as a double-edged sword: Enhancing team motivation but undermining the use of team knowledge. Admin. Sci. Quart. 57(1):1–46.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gelfand MJ, Nishii L, Raver JL (2006) On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. J. Appl. Psych. 91(6):1225–1244.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gibson CB, Gibbs JL (2006) Unpacking the concept of virtuality: The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure and national diversity on team innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 51(3):451–495.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gomez C, Kirkman BL, Shapiro DL (2000) The impact of collectivism and in-group/out-group membership on the evaluation generosity of team members. Acad. Management J. 43(6):1097–1106.Google Scholar
• Goncalo JA, Staw BM (2006) Individualism-collectivism and group creativity. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 100(1):96–109.Google Scholar
• Goncalo JA, Polman E, Maslach C (2010) Can confidence come too soon? Collective efficacy, conflict and group performance over time. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 113(1):13–24.Google Scholar
• Goncalo JA, Chatman JA, Duguid MM, Kennedy JA (2015) Creativity from constraint? How the political correctness norm influences creativity in mixed-sex work groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(1):1–30.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gong Y (2006) The impact of subsidiary top management team national diversity on subsidiary performance: Knowledge and legitimacy perspectives. Management Internat. Rev. 46(6):771–790.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greer LL, DeJong BA, Schouten ME, Dannals J (2018) Why and when hierarchy impacts team effectiveness: A meta-analytic integration. J. Appl. Psych. 103:591–613.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Guynn J (2017) Silicon Valley’s race gap is getting worse, not better, new research shows. USA Today (October 3), https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/03/diversity-and-silicon-valley-race-not-gender-gap-gets-worse/727240001/.Google Scholar
• Hall J, Watson WH (1970) The effects of a normative intervention on group decision-making performance. Human Relations 23(4):299–317.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hayes AF (2017) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, 2nd ed. (Guilford Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Hinsz VB, Tindale RS, Vollrath DA (1997) The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors. Psych. Bull. 121(1):43–64.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hofstede G (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Hofstede G, Spangenberg J (1987) Measuring individualism and collectivism at occupational and organizational levels. Kagitcibasi C, ed. Growth and Progress in Cross-cultural Psychology (Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, Netherlands), 113–122.Google Scholar
• Homan AC, Greer LL (2013) Considering diversity: The positive effects of considerate leadership in diverse teams. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 16(1):105–125.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Homan AC, Greer LL, Jehn KA, Koning L (2010) Believing shapes seeing: The impact of diversity beliefs on the construal of group composition. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 13(4):477–493.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Homan AC, Hollenbeck JR, Humphrey SE, van Knippenberg D, Ilgen DR, van Kleef GA (2007) Facing differences with an open mind: Openness to experience, salience of intragroup differences, and performance in diverse work groups. Acad. Management J. 51(6):1204–1222.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hornsey MJ, Hogg MA (2000) Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 26(2):242–256.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Horwitz SK, Horwitz IB (2007) The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. J. Management 33(6):987–1015.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Huey RB, Salisbury R, Wang JL, Mao M (2007) Effects of age and gender on success and death of mountaineers on Mount Everest. Biol. Lett. 3(5):498–500.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ilies R, Wagner DT, Morgeson FP (2007) Explaining affective linkages in teams: Individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism. J. Appl. Psych. 92(4):1140–1148.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jackson CL, Colquitt JA, Wesson MJ, Zapata-Phelan CP (2006) Psychological collectivism: A measurement validation and linkage to group member performance. J. Appl. Psych. 91(4):884–899.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jackson SE, May KE, Whitney K (1995) Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. Guzzo RA, Salas E, eds. Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), 204–261.Google Scholar
• Jehn KA, Bezrukova K (2010) The faultline activation process and the effects of activated faultlines on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 112(1):24–42.Google Scholar
• Jehn KA, Northcraft GB, Neale MA (1999) Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(4):741–763.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jetten J, Postmes T, McAuliffe BJ (2002) “We’re all individuals”: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identity threat. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 32(2):189–207.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jolly J (2010) Elizabeth Hawley, Unrivalled Himalayan Record Keeper (BBC News, Kathmandu, Nepal).Google Scholar
• Joshi A, Roh H (2009) The role of context in work team diversity research. Acad. Managememt J. 52(3):599–627.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kalmijn M, van Tubergen F (2010) A comparative perspective on intermarriage: Explaining differences among national-origin groups in the United States. Demography 47(2):459–479.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kashy DA, Kenny DA (2000) The analysis of data from dyads and groups. Reis HT, Judd CM, eds. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 451–477.Google Scholar
• Keltner D, Van Kleef GA, Chen S, Kraus MW (2008) A reciprocal influence model of social power: Emerging principles and lines of inquiry. Adv. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 40:151–192.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kerr NL, Bruun SE (1983) Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 44(1):78–94.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kim U, Triandis HC, Kâğitçibaşi C, Choi SC, Yoon G (1994) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Kirkman BL, Lowe KB, Gibson CB (2006) A quarter century of culture’s consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. J. Internat. Bus. Stud. 37(3):285–320.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krakauer J (1997) Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster (Random House, New York).Google Scholar
• Lawler EJ (2005) Role of status in group processes. Status and Groups Thomas-Hunt MT, ed. Research on Managing Groups and Teams (JAI Press, Stamford, CT), 315–325.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lawrence BS (1997) The black box of organizational demography. Organ. Sci. 8(1):1–22.Link, Google Scholar
• Lee L, Ward C (1998) Ethnicity, ideocentrism-allocentrism, and intergroup attitudes. J. Appl. Psych. 28(2):109–123.Google Scholar
• Leonardelli GJ, Pickett CL, Brewer MB (2010) Optimal distinctiveness theory: A framework for social identity, social cognition, and intergroup relations. Zanna MP, Olson JM, eds. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 43 (Academic Press, San Diego), 63–113.Google Scholar
• LePine JA, Hollenbeck JR, Ilgen DR, Hedlund J (1997) Effects of individual differences on the performance of hierarchical decision-making teams: Much more than g. J. Appl. Psych. 82(5):803–811.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Littlepage GE (1991) Effects of group size and task characteristics on group performance: A test of Steiner’s model. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 17(4):449–456.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Madsen PM, Desai V (2010) Failure to learn? The effects of failure and success on organizational learning in the global orbital launch vehicle industry. Acad. Management J. 53(3):451–476.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mannix E, Neale MA (2005) What difference makes a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations. Psych. Sci. Public Interest 6(2):31–55.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marcus J, Le H (2013) Interactive effects of levels of individualism–collectivism on cooperation: A meta‐analysis. J. Organ. Behav. 34(6):813–834.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Markus HR, Kitayama S (1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psych. Rev. 98(2):224–253.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McGrath JE, Berdahl JL, Arrow H. (1995) Traits, expectations, culture, and clout: The dynamics of diversity in work groups. Jackson SE, Ruderman MN, eds. Diversity in Work Teams: Research Paradigms for a Changing Workforce (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), 17–45.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mead M (1976) Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive People (Beacon Press, Boston).Google Scholar
• Miller CE, Komorita SS (1995) Reward allocation in task-performing groups. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 69(1):80–90.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Molden DC, Higgins ET (2005) Motivated thinking. Holyoak K, Morrison B, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 295–320.Google Scholar
• Morris MW, Peng K (1994) Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 67(6):949–971.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nemeth CJ, Kwan JL (1987) Minority influence, divergent thinking and detection of correct solutions. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 17(9):788–799.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ng KY, Van Dyne L (2001) Individualism-collectivism as a boundary condition for effectiveness of minority influence in decision making. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 84(2):198–225.Google Scholar
• Oyserman D, Coon HM, Kemmelmeier M (2002) Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psych. Bull. 128(1):3–72.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pelled LH, Eisenhardt KM, Xin KR (1999) Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(1):1–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pfeffer J (1983) Organizational demography. Res. Organ. Behav. 5:299–357.Google Scholar
• Phillips KW, Mannix EA, Neale MA, Gruenfeld DH (2004) Diverse groups and information sharing: The effects of congruent ties. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 40(4):497–510.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phillips LT, Slepian ML, Hughes BL (2018) Perceiving groups: The people perception of diversity and hierarchy. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 114(5):766–785.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pieterse AN, Van Knippenberg D, Van Dierendonck D (2013) Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation. Acad. Management J. 56(3):782–804.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Prentice DA, Miller DT (1992) When small effects are impressive. Psych. Bull. 112(1):160–164.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Redding SG (1993) The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism (Walter de Gruyter, New York).Google Scholar
• Rucker DD, Preacher KJ, Tomala Z, Petty RE (2011) Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Soc. Personality Psych. Compass 5(6):359–371.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Salisbury R, Hawley E (2004) The Himalayan Database: The Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley (American Alpine Club Press, Golden, CO).Google Scholar
• Shemla M, Meyer B (2012) Bridging diversity in organizations and cross-cultural work psychology by studying perceived differences. Indust. Organ. Psych. 5(3):370–372.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shemla M, Meyer B, Greer L, Jehn K (2016) A review of perceived diversity in teams: Does how members perceive their team’s composition affect team processes and outcomes? J. Organ. Behav. 37(suppl. 1):S89–S106.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shteynberg G, Gelfand MJ, Kim K (2009) Peering into the “magnum mysterium” of culture: The explanatory power of descriptive norms. J. Cross-Cultural Psych. 40(1):46–69.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Staats BR, Milkman KL, Fox CR (2012) The team scaling fallacy: Underestimating the declining efficiency of larger teams. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 118(2):132–142.Google Scholar
• Steiner ID (1972) Group Process and Productivity (Academic Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Thompson L, Peterson E, Brodt SE (1996) Team negotiation: An examination of integrative and distributive bargaining. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 70(1):66–78.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Triandis HC (1990) Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. Berman JJ, ed. Current Theory and Research in Motivation, vol. 37 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln), 41–133.Google Scholar
• Triandis HC (1995) Individualism and Collectivism (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).Google Scholar
• Triandis HC, Suh EM (2002) Cultural influences on personality. Annual Rev. Psych. 53:133–160.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tsui AS, Egan RD, O’Reilly CA (1992) Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37(4):549–579.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Turner JC. (1982) Toward a cognitive redefinition of the social group. Tajfel H, ed. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 15–40.Google Scholar
• Van Bunderen L, Lindred GL, Van Knippenberg D (2018) When interteam conflict spirals into intrateam power struggles: The pivotal role of team power structures. Acad Management J. 61(3):1100–1130.Crossref, Google Scholar
• van der Vegt GS, Bunderson JS, Oosterhof A (2006) Expertness diversity and interpersonal helping in teams: Why those who need the most help end up getting the least. Acad. Management J. 49(5):877–893.Crossref, Google Scholar
• van der Vegt GS, Van De Vliert E, Huang X (2005) Location-level links between diversity and innovative climate depend on national power distance. Acad. Management J. 48(6):1171–1182.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van Dijk H, Van Engen ML, Van Knippenberg D (2012) Defying conventional wisdom: A meta-analytical examination of the differences between demographic and job-related diversity relationships with performance. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 119(1):38–53.Google Scholar
• Van Knippenberg D, De Dreu CK, Homan AC (2004) Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. J. Appl. Psych. 89(6):1008–1022.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wagner JA (1995) Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Acad. Management J. 38(1):152–173.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wang J, Lee AY (2006) The role of regulatory focus in preference construction. J. Marketing Res. 43(1):28–38.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weber B, Hertel G (2007) Motivation gains of inferior group members: A meta-analytical review. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 93(6):973.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams KY, O’Reilly CA (1998) Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Res. Organ. Behav. 20:77–140.Google Scholar
• Wooldridge JM (2010) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, Boston).Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi S (1994) Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. Triandis HC, Kâğitçibaşi C, Choi S-C, Yoon G, eds. Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications, Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology Series, vol. 18 (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA), 175–188.Google Scholar
• Zellmer-Bruhn ME, Maloney MM, Bhappu AD, Salvador R (2008) When and how do differences matter? An exploration of perceived similarity in teams. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 107(1):41–59.Google Scholar