Gender, Race, and Network Advantage in Organizations

References

• Abraham M (2020) Gender-role incongruity and audience-based gender bias: An examination of networking among entrepreneurs. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(1):151–180.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Adams S (2012) Everything you need to know about LinkedIn endorsements. Forbes Online (December 4), http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/12/04/everything-you-need-to-know-about-linkedin-endorsements.Google Scholar
• Adler PS, Kwon S-W (2002) Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Acad. Management Rev. 27(1):17–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Agrawal J, Kamakura WA (1995) The economic worth of celebrity endorsers: An event study analysis. J. Marketing 59(3):56–62.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aigner DJ, Cain GG (1977) Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 30(2):175–187.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anteby M (2013) Manufacturing Morals: The Values of Silence in Business School Education (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Arcidiacono P, Kinsler J, Ransom T (2022) Legacy and athlete preferences at Harvard. J. Labor Econom. 40(1):133–156.Google Scholar
• Armstrong EA, Hamilton LT (2013) Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Arrow KJ. (1973) The theory of discrimination. Ashenfelter O, Rees A, eds. Discrimination in Labor Markets (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ), 3–33.Google Scholar
• Babcock L, Laschever S (2003) Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Baron JN, Bielby WT (1980) Bringing the firms back in: Stratification, segmentation, and the organization of work. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 45(5):737–765.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beaman L, Magruder J (2012) Who gets the job referral? Evidence from a social networks experiment. Amer. Econom. Rev. 102(7):3574–3593.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becker GS (1971) The Economics of Discrimination (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bidwell M, Briscoe F, Fernandez-Mateo I, Sterling A (2013) The employment relationship and inequality: How and why changes in employment practices are reshaping rewards in organizations. Acad. Management Ann. 7(1):61–121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bird SR (2011) Unsettling universities’ incongruous, gendered bureaucratic structures: A case-study approach. Gender Work Occupations 18(2):202–230.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bohnet I (2016) What Works? Gender Equality by Design (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Bollen KA (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bourdieu P (1973) Culture reproduction and social reproduction. Richardson J, ed. Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change (Greenwood Press, Westport, MA), 71–112.Google Scholar
• Bourdieu P, Passeron J-C (1990) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (Sage Publications, London).Google Scholar
• Bowen WG, Kurzweil MA, Tobin EM, Pichler SC (2005) Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education (University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA).Google Scholar
• Bowles HR, Babcock L, Lai L (2007) Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 103(1):84–103.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brands RA, Kilduff M (2014) Just like a woman? Effects of gender-biased perceptions of friendship network brokerage on attributions and performance. Organ. Sci. 25(5):1530–1548.Link, Google Scholar
• Breen R, Karlson KB (2013) Counterfactual causal analysis and nonlinear probability models. Morgan SL, ed. Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands), 167–187.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Budig MJ (2002) Male advantage and the gender compositions of jobs: Who rides the glass escalator? Soc. Problems 49(2):258–277.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (1998) The gender of social capital. Rationality Soc. 10(1):5–6.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2001) Structural holes vs. network closure as social capital. Lin N, Cook K, Burt R, eds. Social Capital Theory and Research (Aldine de Gruyter, New York), 31–56.Google Scholar
• Burt RS, Kilduff M, Tasselli S (2013) Social network analysis: Foundations and frontiers on advantage. Annual Rev. Psych. 64:527–547.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Casciaro T, Gino F, Kouchaki M (2014) The contaminating effects of building instrumental ties: How networking can make us feel dirty. Admin. Sci. Quart. 59(4):705–735.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ (2005) Social networks and employee performance in a call center. Amer. J. Sociol. 110(5):1243–1283.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ (2008) Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. Amer. J. Sociol. 113(6):1479–1526.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ (2015) Accounting for the gap: A firm study manipulating organizational accountability in pay decisions. Organ. Sci. 26(2):311–333.Link, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Ranganathan A (2020) The production of merit: How managers understand and apply merit in the workplace. Organ. Sci. 31(4):909–935.Link, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Rissing BA (2019) Best in class: The returns on application endorsements in higher education. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(1):230–270.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Lan GJ, Rissing BA (2013) Social networks and employment: Mechanisms and outcomes. Sociol. Compass 7(12):999–1026.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Broschak JP (2013) Whose jobs are these? The impact of the proportion of female managers on the number of new management jobs filled by women versus men. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(4):509–541.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman JS (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer. J. Sociol. 94:S95–S120.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiMaggio P (1982) Cultural entrepreneurship in nineteenth-century Boston: The creation of an organizational base for high culture in America. Media Culture Soc. 4(1):33–50.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DiTomaso N (2013) The American Non-Dilemma: Racial Inequality Without Racism (The Russell Sage Foundation, New York).Google Scholar
• DiTomaso N (2015) Racism and discrimination versus advantage and favoritism: Bias for versus bias against. Res. Organ. Behav. 35:57–77.Google Scholar
• Dumas-Hines FA, Cochran LL, Williams EU (2001) Promoting diversity: Recommendations for recruitment and retention of minorities in higher education. College Student J. 35(3):433.Google Scholar
• Dodaro M (2019) How to win at the social proof game: LinkedIn endorsements vs. recommendations. Social Media Today. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/how-to-win-at-the-social-proof-game-linkedin-endorsements-vs-recommendati/557957/.Google Scholar
• Doyle A (2020) How to get and give endorsements on LinkedIn. The Balance Careers. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-to-use-linkedin-endorsements-2062325.Google Scholar
• Espenshade TJ, Chung CY (2005) The opportunity cost of admission preferences at elite universities. Soc. Sci. Quart. 86(2):293–305.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Espenshade T, Chung CY, Walling JL (2004) Admission preferences for minority students, athletes, and legacies at elite universities. Soc. Sci. Quart. 85(5):1422–1446.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fang R, Zhang Z, Shaw JD (2020) Gender and social network brokerage: A meta-analysis and field investigation. J. Appl. Psych. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
• Fernandez R (2021) Strength of weak ties in the labor market: An assessment of the state of research. Pescosolido B, Smith E, Small M, Perry B, eds. Personal Networks: Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis, Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 251–264.Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Fernandez-Mateo I (2006) Networks, race, and hiring Amer. Sociol. Rev. 71(1):42–71.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Galperin R (2014) The causal status of social capital in labor markets. Mehra A, Brass DJ, Halgin DS, Labianca G, Borgatti SP, eds. Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Social Networks (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK), 445–462.Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Greenberg J (2013) Race, network hiring, and statistical discrimination. Res. Sociol. Work 24:81–102.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Rubineau B (2019) Network recruitment and the glass ceiling: Evidence from two firms. RSF 5(3):88–102.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Sosa ML (2005) Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center. Amer. J. Sociol. 111(3):859–904.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernandez RM, Weinberg N (1997) Sifting and sorting: Personal contacts and hiring in a retail bank. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 62(6):883–902.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Castilla EJ, Moore P (2000) Social capital at work: Networks and employment at a phone center. Amer. J. Sociol. 105(5):1288–1356.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Forret ML, Dougherty TW (2001) Correlates of networking behavior for managerial and professional employees. Group Organ. Management 26(3):283–311.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Forret ML, Dougherty TW (2004) Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women? J. Organ. Behav. 25(3):419–437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Golden D (2006) The Price of Admission: How America’s Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges—And Who Gets Left Outside the Gates (Three Rivers Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Granovetter M (1995) Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Greenberg J, Fernandez RM (2016) The strength of weak ties in MBA job search: A within-person test. Sociol. Sci. 3:296–316.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greguletz E, Diehl M-R, Kreutzer K (2018) Why women build less effective networks than men: The role of structural exclusion and personal hesitation. Human Relations 72(7):1234–1261.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heckman JJ (1976) The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Ann. Econom. Soc. Measurement 5(4):475–492.Google Scholar
• Heckman JJ (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47(1):153–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hurwitz M (2011) The impact of legacy status on undergraduate admissions at elite colleges and universities. Econom. Ed. Rev. 30(3):480–492.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H (1993) Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Acad. Management Rev. 18(1):56–87.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H (1995) Race, opportunity, and diversity of social circles in managerial networks. Acad. Management J. 38(3):673–703.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H, Kilduff M, Tsai W (2005) Zooming in and out: Connecting individuals and collectivities at the frontiers of organizational network research. Organ. Sci. 16(4):359–371.Link, Google Scholar
• Johnson JH Jr, Farrell WC, Stoloff JA (2000) African American males in decline: A Los Angeles case study. Bobo LD, Oliver ML, Johnson JH Jr, Valenzuela A Jr, eds. Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles (Russell Sage Foundation, New York), 315–337.Google Scholar
• Kalev A, Dobbin F, Kelly E (2006) Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 71(4):589–617.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kane TJ (1998) Racial and ethnic preferences in college admissions. Jencks C, Philips M, eds. The Black-White Test Score Gap (Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC), 431–456.Google Scholar
• Karabel J (2005) The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Houghton Mifflin, New York).Google Scholar
• Khattab J, van Knippenberg D, Pieterse AN, Hernandez M (2020) A network utilization perspective on the leadership advancement of minorities. Acad. Management Rev. 45(1):109–129.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kilduff M, Tsai W (2003) Social Networks and Organizations (Sage Publications, London).Google Scholar
• Knittel CR, Stango V (2013) Celebrity endorsements, firm value, and reputation risk: Evidence from the Tiger Woods scandal. Management Sci. 60(1):21–37.Link, Google Scholar
• Koenker R, Bassett G Jr (1978) Regression quantiles. Econometrica 46(1):33–50.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koenker R, Hallock KF (2001) Quantile regression: An introduction. J. Econom. Perspect. 15(4):43–56.Google Scholar
• Kousser T, Lucas S, Masket S, McGhee E (2015) Kingmakers or cheerleaders? Party power and the causal effects of endorsements. Political Res. Quart. 68(3):443–456.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kuwabara K, Hildebrand CA, Zou X (2016) Lay theories of networking: How laypeople’s beliefs about networks affect their attitudes toward and engagement in instrumental networking. Acad. Management Rev. 43(1):50–64.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Le L (2021) Strengthen your college application with an endorsement. Fusion Academy. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.fusionacademy.com/blog/strengthen-your-college-application-with-an-endorsement/.Google Scholar
• Lee EM (2016) Class and Campus Life: Managing and Experiencing Inequality at an Elite College (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin N (2001) Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Liwanag P (2019) How to endorse and get endorsements on Linked-In. Jobscan. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.jobscan.co/blog/linkedin-endorsements/#:∼:text=LinkedIn%20endorsemen ts%20are%20a%20LinkedIn,up%20to%20your%20work%20 experience.Google Scholar
• Long JS (1997) Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables (SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Maisel I (2013) What it takes. Stanford Alumni Magazine. Accessed September 19, 2021, https://stanfordmag.org/contents/what-it-takes.Google Scholar
• Marin A (2012) Don’t mention it: Why people don’t share job information, when they do, and why it matters. Soc. Networks 34(2):181–192.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mehra A, Kilduff M, Brass DJ (2017) At the margins: A distinctiveness approach to the social identity and social networks of underrepresented groups. Acad. Management J. 41(4):441–452.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDermott ML (2006) Not for members only: Group endorsements as electoral information cues. Political Res. Quart. 59(2):249–257.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S (2011) What’s in the “old boys” network? Accessing social capital in gendered and racialized networks. Soc. Networks 33(4):317–330.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Day JC (2010) Race, gender, and the invisible hand of social capital. Sociol. Compass 4(7):532–543.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Elder GH Jr (2006) When does social capital matter? Non-searching for jobs across the life course. Soc. Forces 85(1):521–550.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Lin N, Ao D (2009) Networks of opportunity: Gender, race, and job leads. Soc. Problems 56(3):385–402.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Hamm L, Elliott JR, Knepper P (2015) Race, place, and unsolicited job leads: How the ethnoracial structure of local labor markets shapes employment opportunities. Soc. Currents 3(2):118–137.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Merluzzi J, Sterling A (2017) Lasting effects? Referrals and career mobility of demographic groups in organizations. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 70(1):105–131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neckerman K, Fernandez RM (2003) Keeping a job: Network hiring and turnover in a retail bank. Res. Sociol. Organ. 20:299–318.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Noe RA, Hollenbeck JR, Gerhart B, Wright PM (2012) Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage (McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York).Google Scholar
• Obukhova E, Lan GJ (2013) Do job seekers benefit from contacts? A direct test with contemporaneous searches. Management Sci. 59(10):2204–2216.Link, Google Scholar
• Obukhova E, Kleinbaum AM (2020) Scouting and schmoozing: A gender difference in networking during job search. Acad. Management Discoveries. https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amd.2020.0075.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Obukhova E, Rubineau B (2020) Market transition and network-based job matching in China: The referrer perspective. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. Published online.Google Scholar
• Pager D, Shepherd H (2008) The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual Rev. Sociol. 34:181–209.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pedulla D (2020a) Diversity and inclusion efforts that really work. Harvard Business Review Online (May 12), https://hbr.org/2020/05/diversity-and-inclusion-efforts-that-really-work.Google Scholar
• Pedulla D, ed. (2020b) What works? Evidence-based ideas to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. Accessed June 2, 2021, https://www.umass.edu/employmentequity/sites/default/files/What_Works.pdf.Google Scholar
• Pedulla DS, Pager D (2019) Race and networks in the job search process. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 84(6):983–1012.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Piliavin JA, Schroeder DA (2005) Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Rev. Psych. 56:365–392.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Petersen T, Saporta I, Seidel MDL (2000) Offering a job: Meritocracy and social networks. Amer. J. Sociol. 106(3):763–816.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Phelps ES (1972) The statistical theory of racism and sexism. Amer. Econom. Rev. 62(4):659–661.Google Scholar
• Rissing B, Castilla EJ (2014) House of green cards: Statistical or preference-based inequality in the employment of foreign nationals. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(6):1226–1255.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rivera L (2012) Hiring as cultural matching: The case of elite professional service firms. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 77(6):999–1022.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rivera LA (2015) Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rivera LA, Tilcsik A (2016) Class advantage, commitment penalty: The gendered effect of social class signals in an elite labor market. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 81(6):1097–1131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosette AS, Leonardelli GJ, Phillips KW (2008) The white standard: Racial bias in leader categorization. J. Appl. Psych. 93(4):758–777.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Roth L (2006) Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Royster DA (2003) Race and the Invisible Hand: How White Networks Exclude Black Men from Blue-Collar Jobs (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).Google Scholar
• Sapienza P, Zingales L, Maestripieri D (2009) Gender differences in financial risk aversion and career choices are affected by testosterone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(36):15268–15273.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simmel G (1950) The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Worff K, trans. (Free Press, Glencoe, IL).Google Scholar
• Smith SS (2005) “Don’t put my name on it”: Social capital activation and job-finding assistance among the black urban poor. Amer. J. Sociol. 11(1):1–57.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Smith EB, Brands RB, Brashears ME, Kleinbaum A (2020) Social networks and cognition. Annual Rev. Sociol. 46:159–174.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stainback K, Tomaskovic-Devey D, Skaggs S (2010) Organizational approaches to inequality: Inertia, relative power, and environments. Annual Rev. Sociol. 36(1):225–247.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Steinberg RJ (1992) Gender on the agenda: Male advantage in organizations. Contemporary Sociol. 21(5):576–581.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Steinberg J (2003) The Gatekeepers: Inside the Admissions Process of a Premier College (Penguin Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Stevens ML (2007) Creating a Class: College Admissions and the Education of Elites (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Stuart TE, Hoang H, Hybels RC (1999) Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(2):315–349.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stuber JM (2011) Inside the College Gates: How Class and Culture Matter in Higher Education (Lexington Books, Lanham, MD).Google Scholar
• Thomas K (2018) The labor market value of taste: An experimental study of class bias in US employment. Sociol. Sci. 5(24):562–595.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tilly C (1998) Durable Inequality (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tobin J (1958) Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica 26(1):24–36.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tolbert PS, Castilla EJ (2017) Introduction to a special issue of inequality in the workplace: What works? Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 70(1):3–15.Crossref, Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education (2012) National Center for Education Statistics. Higher education: Gaps in access and persistence study 2012-046 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education (2016) Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development and Office of the Under Secretary. Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education (2020) National Center for Education Statistics. The condition of education 2020-144 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Wanberg CR, Kanfer R, Banas JT (2000) Predictors and outcomes of networking intensity among unemployed job seekers. J. Appl. Psych. 85(4):491–503.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams C (1995) Still a Man’s World (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams R (2009) Using heterogeneous choice models to compare logit and probit coefficients across groups. Sociol. Methods Res. 37(4):531–559.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wilson WJ (1996) When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (Knopf, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Woehler ML, Cullen-Lester KL, Porter CM, Frear KA (2021) Whether, how, and why networks influence men’s and women’s career success: Review and research agenda. J. Management 47(1):207–236.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wolff H-G, Moser K (2009) Effects of networking on career success: A longitudinal study. J. Appl. Psych. 94(1):196–206.Google Scholar
• Yakubovich V, Lup D (2006) Stages of the recruitment process and the referrer’s performance effect. Organ. Sci. 17(6):710–723.Link, Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Chawla NV, Uzzi B (2019) A network’s gender composition and communication pattern predict women’s leadership success. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(6):2033–2038.Crossref, Google Scholar