A New Take on the Categorical Imperative: Gatekeeping, Boundary Maintenance, and Evaluation Penalties in Science

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1610

References

  • Aadland E, Cattani G, Ferriani S (2019) Friends, gifts, and cliques: Social proximity and recognition in peer-based tournament rituals. Acad. Management J. 62(3):883–917.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Abbott A (1981) Status and status strain in the professions. Amer. J. Sociol. 86(4):819–835.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Abbott A (1995) Things of boundaries. Soc. Res. 62(4):857–882.Google Scholar
  • Abbott A (2001) Chaos of Disciplines (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Abbott A (2005) Linked ecologies: States and universities as environments for professions. Sociol. Theory 23(3):245–274.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Abbott AD (1988) The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Abramo G, D’Angelo CA (2015) An assessment of the first “scientific habilitation” for university appointments in Italy. Econom. Politica 32(3):329–357.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Arndt M, Bigelow B (2000) Presenting structural innovation in an institutional environment: Hospitals’ use of impression management. Admin. Sci. Quart. 45(3):494–522.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bagues M, Sylos-Labini M, Zinovyeva N (2017) Does the gender composition of scientific committees matter? Amer. Econom. Rev. 107(4):1207–1238.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Barnett ML, King AA (2008) Good fences make good neighbors: A longitudinal analysis of an industry self-regulatory institution. Acad. Management J. 51(6):1150–1170.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Boiral O (2003) ISO 9000: Outside the iron cage. Organ. Sci. 14(6):720–737.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Branscombe NR, Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B (1999) The context and content of social identity threat. Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B, eds. Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content (Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, 35–58.Google Scholar
  • Brewer MB (1991) The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality Soc. Psychol. Bull. 17(5):475–482.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brewer MB, Gardner W (1996) Who is this “we”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 71(1):83–93.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bucher SV, Chreim S, Langley A, Reay T (2016) Contestation about collaboration: Discursive boundary work among professions. Organ. Stud. 37(4):497–522.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burri RV (2008) Doing distinctions: Boundary work and symbolic capital in radiology. Soc. Stud. Sci. 38(1):35–62.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burt RS (2004) Structural holes and good ideas. Amer. J. Sociol. 110(2):349–399.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Carlos WC, Lewis BW (2018) Strategic silence: Withholding certification status as a hypocrisy avoidance tactic. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(1):130–169.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cattani G, Ferriani S, Allison PD (2014) Insiders, outsiders, and the struggle for consecration in cultural fields: A core-periphery perspective. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(2):258–281.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Clemens ES, Powell WW, McIlwaine K, Okamoto D (1995) Careers in print: Books, journals, and scholarly reputations. Amer. J. Sociol. 101(2):433–494.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Coffee JC (2006) Gatekeepers: The Professions and Corporate Governance (Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom).Google Scholar
  • Collins R (1979) The Credential Society (Academic Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Coslor E, Crawford B, Leyshon A (2020) Collectors, investors and speculators: Gatekeeper use of audience categories in the art market. Organ. Stud. 41(7):945–967.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Delmestri G, Wezel FC, Goodrick E, Washington M (2020) The hidden paths of category research: Climbing new heights and slippery slopes. Organ. Stud. 41(7):909–920.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Durand R, McGuire J (2005) Legitimating agencies in the face of selection: The case of AACSB. Organ. Stud. 26(2):165–196.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Durand R, Paolella L (2013) Category stretching: Reorienting research on categories in strategy, entrepreneurship, and organization theory. J. Management Stud. 50(6):1100–1123.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Durand R, Granqvist N, Tyllström A (2017) From categories to categorization: A social perspective on market categorization. Durand R, Granqvist N, Tyllström A, eds. From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads (Emerald, Bingley, United Kingdom), 3–30.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Durkheim E (2008) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (Dover, Mineola, NY).Google Scholar
  • Elsbach KD, Kramer RM (1996) Member’s responses to organizational identity threats: Encountering and countering the Business Week rankings. Admin. Sci. Quart. 41(3):442–476.Google Scholar
  • Ertug G, Yogev T, Lee Y, Hedström P (2016) The art of representation: How audience-specific reputations affect success in the contemporary art field. Acad. Manage. J. 59(1):113–134.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ferguson J-P, Hasan S (2013) Specialization and career dynamics: Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(2):233–256.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fini R, Jourdan J, Perkmann M (2018) Social valuation across multiple audiences: The interplay between ability and identity judgements. Acad. Management J. 61(6):2230–2264.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fini R, Perkmann M, Ross J-M (2022) Attention to exploration: The effect of academic entrepreneurship on the production of scientific knowledge. Organ. Sci. 33(2):688–715.Google Scholar
  • Freidson E (1984) The changing nature of professional control. Annual Rev. Sociol. 10(1):1–20.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Galperin RV, Hahl O, Sterling AD, Guo J (2020) Too good to hire? Capability and inferences about commitment in labor markets. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(2):275–313.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Garud R, Gehman J, Karunakaran A (2014) Boundaries, breaches, and bridges: The case of Climategate. Res. Policy 43(1):60–73.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gieryn TF (1983) Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 48(6):781–795.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gieryn TF (1999) Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Giorgi S, Weber K (2015) Marks of distinction: Framing and audience appreciation in the context of investment advice. Admin. Sci. Quart. 60(2):333–367.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Graffin SD, Ward AJ (2010) Certifications and reputation: Determining the standard of desirability amidst uncertainty. Organ. Sci. 21(2):331–346.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Grodal S (2018) Field expansion and contraction: How communities shape social and symbolic boundaries. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(4):783–818.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hahl O, Ha J (2020) Committed diversification: Why authenticity insulates against penalties for diversification. Organ. Sci. 31(1):1–22.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Hahl O, Zuckerman EW (2014) The denigration of heroes? How the status attainment process shapes attributions of considerateness and authenticity. Amer. J. Sociol. 120(2):504–554.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hannan MT, Freeman JH (1989) Organizational Ecology (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hannan MT, Le Mens G, Hsu G, Kovács B, Negro G, Pólos L, Pontikes E, Sharkey AJ (2019) Concepts and Categories: Foundations for Sociological and Cultural Analysis (Columbia University Press, New York).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Helfen M (2015) Institutionalizing precariousness? The politics of boundary work in legalizing agency work in Germany, 1949–2004. Organ. Stud. 36(10):1387–1422.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hogg MA, Terry DJ (2000) Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Acad. Management Rev. 25(1):121–140.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hsu G (2006) Jacks of all trades and masters of none: Audiences’ reactions to spanning genres in feature film production. Admin. Sci. Quart. 51(3):420–450.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hsu G, Hannan MT, Koçak Ö (2009) Multiple category memberships in markets: An integrative theory and two empirical tests. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 74(1):150–169.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hsu G, Hannan MT, Pólos L (2011) Typecasting, legitimation, and form emergence: A formal theory. Sociol. Theory 29(2):97–123.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kacperczyk A, Younkin P (2017) The paradox of breadth: The tension between experience and legitimacy in the transition to entrepreneurship. Admin. Sci. Quart. 62(4):731–764.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Knorr Cetina KD (1999) Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lamont M (2009) How Professors Think (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lamont M, Molnar V (2002) The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Rev. Sociol. 28(1):167–195.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Langley A, Lindberg K, Mørk BE, Nicolini D, Raviola E, Walter L (2019) Boundary work among groups, occupations, and organizations: From cartography to process. Acad. Management Ann. 13(2):704–736.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lawrence TB, Suddaby R (2006) Institutions and institutional work. Clegg SR, Hardy C, Lawrence TB, Nord W, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Organization Studies (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 215–254.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Leahey E, Beckman CM, Stanko TL (2017) Prominent but less productive: The impact of interdisciplinarity on scientists’ research. Admin. Sci. Quart. 62(1):105–139.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lenoir T (1997) Instituting Science: The Cultural Production of Scientific Disciplines (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Leung MD (2014) Dilettante or renaissance person? How the order of job experiences affects hiring in an external labor market. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(1):136–158.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Leung MD, Sharkey AJ (2014) Out of sight, out of mind? Evidence of perceptual factors in the multiple-category discount. Organ. Sci. 25(1):171–184.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Lounsbury M, Glynn MA (2001) Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management J. 22(6):545–564.Google Scholar
  • McGuire WJ, McGuire CV, Child P, Fujioka T (1978) Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one’s ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. J Personality Soc. Psych. 36(5):511–520.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Merluzzi J, Phillips DJ (2016) The specialist discount: Negative returns for MBAs with focused profiles in investment banking. Admin. Sci. Quart. 61(1):87–124.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Merton RK (1968) The Matthew effect in science. The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science 159(3810):56–63.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Merton RK (1973) The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Montgomery K, Oliver AL (2007) A fresh look at how professions take shape: Dual-directed networking dynamics and social boundaries. Organ. Stud. 28(5):661–687.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Neal D (1995) Industry-specific human capital: Evidence from displaced workers. J. Labor Econom. 13(4):653–677.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Negro G, Leung MD (2013) “Actual” and perceptual effects of category spanning. Organ. Sci. 24(3):684–696.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Negro G, Hannan MT, Rao H (2009) Categorical contrast and audience appeal: Niche width and critical success in winemaking. Indust. Corporate Change 19(5):1397–1425.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Negro G, Hannan MT, Rao H (2011) Category reinterpretation and defection: Modernism and tradition in Italian winemaking. Organ. Sci. 22(6):1449–1463.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Paolella L, Durand R (2016) Category spanning, evaluation, and performance: Revised theory and test on the corporate law market. Acad. Management J. 59(1):330–351.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Petriglieri JL (2011) Under threat: Responses to and the consequences of threats to individuals’ identities. Acad. Management Rev. 36(4):641–662.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Phillips DJ, Turco CJ, Zuckerman EW (2013) Betrayal as market barrier: Identity-based limits to diversification among high-status corporate law firms. Amer. J. Sociol. 118(4):1023–1054.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Podolny JM, Stuart TE (1995) A role-based ecology of technological change. Amer. J. Sociol. 100(5):1224–1260.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pontikes EG (2012) Two sides of the same coin: How ambiguous classification affects multiple audiences’ evaluations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 57(1):81–118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pontikes EG, Barnett WP (2015) The persistence of lenient market categories. Organ. Sci. 26(5):1415–1431.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Rao H (1998) Caveat emptor: The construction of nonprofit consumer watchdog organizations. Amer. J. Sociol. 103(4):912–961.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rao H, Davis GF, Ward A (2000) Embeddedness, social identity and mobility: Why firms leave the NASDAQ and join the New York Stock Exchange. Admin. Sci. Quart. 45(2):268–292.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Scott WR (2008) Lords of the dance: Professionals as institutional agents. Organ. Stud. 29(2):219–238.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sgourev SV, Althuizen N (2014) “Notable” or “not able” when are acts of inconsistency rewarded? Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(2):282–302.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sine WD, David RJ, Mitsuhashi H (2007) From plan to plant: Effects of certification on operational start-up in the emergent independent power sector. Organ. Sci. 18(4):578–594.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Austin WG, Worchel S, eds. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Brooks-Cole, Monterey, CA), 33–47.Google Scholar
  • Tang Y, Wezel FC (2015) Up to standard?: Market positioning and performance of Hong Kong films, 1975–1997. J. Bus. Venturing 30(3):452–466.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Toole AA, Czarnitzki D (2010) Commercializing science: Is there a university” brain drain” from academic entrepreneurship? Management Sci. 56(9):1599–1614.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Turner JC (2010) Social Categorization and the Self-Concept: A Social Cognitive Theory of Group Behavior (Psychology Press, New York).Google Scholar
  • Weber M (1968) Economy and Society (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Weeden KA (2002) Why do some occupations pay more than others? Social closure and earnings inequality in the United States. Amer. J. Sociol. 108(1):55–101.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Whitley R (2000) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences (Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom).Google Scholar
  • Zietsma C, Lawrence TB (2010) Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(2):189–221.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zucker LG, Darby MR (1996) Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93(23):12709–12716.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zuckerman EW (1999) The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the illegitimacy discount. American J. Sociol. 104(5): 1398–1438.Google Scholar
  • Zuckerman EW (2012) Construction, concentration, and (dis) continuities in social valuations. Annual Rev. Sociol. 38:223–245.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zuckerman EW (2017) The categorical imperative revisited: Implications of categorization as a theoretical tool. Durand R, Granqvist N, Tyllström A, eds. From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads (Emerald, Bingley, United Kingdom), 31–68.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zuckerman EW, Kim TY, Ukanwa K, Von Rittmann J (2003) Robust identities or nonentities? Typecasting in the feature‐film labor market. Amer. J. Sociol. 108(5):1018–1073.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.