“Collaborating” with AI: Taking a System View to Explore the Future of Work

References

• Ajunwa I, Greene D (2019) Platforms at work: Automated hiring platforms and other new intermediaries in the organization of work. Res. Sociol. Organ. 33:61–91.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Akemu O, Abdelnour S (2020) Confronting the digital: Doing ethnography in modern organizational settings. Organ. Res. Methods 23(2):296–321.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Angwin J, Larson J, Mattu S, Kirchner L (2016) Machine bias. ProPublica (May 23). December 3, 2022, https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.Google Scholar
• Anthony C (2018) To question or accept? How status differences influence responses to new epistemic technologies in knowledge work. Acad. Management Rev. 43(4):661–679.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anthony C (2021) When knowledge work and analytical technologies collide: The practices and consequences of black boxing algorithmic technologies. Admin. Sci. Quart. 66(4):000183922110167.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian N, Ye Y, Xu M (2022) Substituting human decision-making with machine learning: Implications for organizational learning. Acad. Management Rev., ePub ahead of print July 18, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0470.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barley SR (1986) Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observations of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments. Admin. Sci. Quart. 31(1):78–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barley SR (1988) The social construction of a machine: Ritual, superstition, magical thinking and other pragmatic responses to running a CT scanner. Lock M, Gordon D, eds. Biomedicine Examined (Springer, Dordrecht), 497–539.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barley SR (1990) The alignment of technology and structure through roles and networks. Admin. Sci. Quart. 35(1):61–103.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barley SR (1996) Technicians in the workplace: Ethnographic evidence for bringing work into organizational studies. Admin. Sci. Quart. 41(3):404–441.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barley WC, Treem JW, Kuhn T (2018) Valuing multiple trajectories of knowledge: A critical review and agenda for knowledge management research. Acad. Management Ann. 12(1):278–317.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barocas S, Selbst AD (2016) Big data’s disparate impact. California Law Rev. 104:671–732.Google Scholar
• Bailey DE, Barley SR (2011) Teaching-learning ecologies: Mapping the environment to structure through action. Organ. Sci. 22(1):262–285.Link, Google Scholar
• Bailey DE, Leonardi PM, Barley SR (2012) The lure of the virtual. Organ. Sci. 23(5):1485–1504.Link, Google Scholar
• Bailey DE, Faraj S, Hinds PJ, Leonardi PM, von Krogh G (2022) We are all theorists of technology now: A relational perspective on emerging technology and organizing. Organ. Sci. 33(1):1–18.Link, Google Scholar
• Barker JR (1993) Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams. Admin. Sci. Quart. 38(3):408–437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barrett M, Heracleous L, Walsham G (2013) A rhetorical approach to IT diffusion: Reconceptualizing the ideology-framing relationship in computerization movements. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 37(1):201–220.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barrett M, Oborn E, Orlikowski W, Yates J (2012) Reconfiguring boundary relations: Robotic innovations in pharmacy work. Organ. Sci. 23(5):1448–1466.Link, Google Scholar
• Beane M (2019) Shadow learning: Building robotic surgical skill when approved means fail. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(1):87–123.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beane MI (2020) In storage, yet on display: An empirical investigation of robots’ value as social signals. HRI ’20: Proc. 2020 ACM/IEEE Internat. Conf. Human-Robot Interaction, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374775.Google Scholar
• Beane M, Orlikowski WJ (2015) What difference does a robot make? The material enactment of distributed coordination. Organ. Sci. 26(6):1553–1573.Link, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA (2003a) Sharing meaning across occupational communities: The transformation of understanding on a production floor. Organ. Sci. 14(3):312–330.Link, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA (2003b) Object lessons: Workplace artifacts as representations of occupational jurisdiction. Amer. J. Sociol. 109(3):720–752.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA (2020) Evaluative spillovers from technological change: The effects of “DNA envy” on occupational practices in forensic science. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(3):606–643.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA, Chung DE (2018) Latitude or latent control? How occupational embeddedness and control shape emergent coordination. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(3):607–636.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bechky BA, Okhuysen GA (2011) Expecting the unexpected? How SWAT officers and film crews handle surprises. Acad. Management J. 54:422–459.Google Scholar
• Bechky BA, O’Mahony S (2016) Leveraging comparative field data for theory generation. Elsbach KD, Kramer RM, eds. Handbook of Qualitative Organizational Research: Innovative Pathways and Methods (Routledge, New York), 168–176.Google Scholar
• Benner MJ, Tripsas M (2012) The influence of prior industry affiliation on framing in nascent industries: The evolution of digital cameras. Strategic Management J. 33(3):277–302.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Berg M, Bowker G (1997) The multiple bodies of the medical record: Toward a sociology of an artifact. Sociol. Quart. 38:513–537.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bloch M (1977) The past and the present in the present. Man (London) 12(2):278–292.Google Scholar
• Bødker S (1996) Creating conditions for participation: Conflicts and resources in systems development. Human Comput. Interaction 11(3):215–236.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bødker S, Ehn P, Kammersgaard J, Kyng M, Sundblad Y (1987) A UTOPIAN experience: On design of powerful computer-based tools for skilled graphic workers. Bjerknes G, Ehn P, Kyng M, eds. Computers and Democracy: A Scandinavian Challenge (Avebury, Aldershot, UK), 251–278.Google Scholar
• Bowker G, Star SL (1999) Sorting Things Out (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brayne S, Christin A (2021) Technologies of crime prediction: The reception of algorithms in policing and criminal courts. Soc. Problems 68(3):608–624.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brynjolfsson E, McAfee A (2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (Norton, New York).Google Scholar
• Buolamwini J, Gebru T (2018) Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proc. Machine Learn. Res. 81:77–91.Google Scholar
• Burrell J (2016) How the machine ‘thinks’: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data Soc. 3(1):1–12.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burrell J, Fourcade M (2021) The society of algorithms. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 47:213–237.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Callon M (1984) Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. Sociol. Rev. 32(1):196–233.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cameron LD (2022) “Making out” while driving: Relational and efficiency games in the gig economy. Organ. Sci. 33(1):231–252.Link, Google Scholar
• Carlile PR (2002) A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development. Organ. Sci. 13(4):442–455.Link, Google Scholar
• Christin A (2018) Counting clicks: Quantification and variation in web journalism in the United States and France. Amer. J. Sociol. 123(5):1382–1415.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Christin A (2020) The ethnographer and the algorithm: Beyond the black box. Theory Soc. 49(5):897–918.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Clarke A (2015) From grounded theory to situational analysis. What’s new? Why? How? Clarke A, Freese C, Washburn R, eds. Situational Analysis in Practice: Mapping Research with Grounded Theory (Routledge, New York), 84–118.Google Scholar
• Clement A, van den Besselaar PAA (1993) A retrospective look at PD projects. Comm. ACM 36(6):29–37.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen LE (2013) Assembling jobs: A model of how tasks are bundled into and across jobs. Organ. Sci. 24(2):432–454.Link, Google Scholar
• Cohen LE (2016) Jobs as Gordian knots: A new perspective linking individuals, tasks, organizations and institutions. Cohen LE, Burton MD, Lounsbury M, eds. The Structuring of Work in Organizations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Emerald Insight, Bingley, UK), 25–59.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cohen LE, Mahabadi S (2021) In the midst of hiring: Pathways of anticipated and accidental job evolution during hiring. Organ. Sci. 33(5):1938–1963.Google Scholar
• Crawford K (2013) The hidden biases in big data. Harvard Bus. Rev. Accessed December 2, 2022, https://hbr.org/2013/04/the-hidden-biases-in-big-data.Google Scholar
• Crosina E (2018) Start me up: On becoming an entrepreneur in a shared workspace. PhD dissertation, Boston College, Boston.Google Scholar
• Dastin J (2018) Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters (October 10). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G.Google Scholar
• Davenport TH, Kirby J (2016) Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines (Harper Business, New York).Google Scholar
• Desmond M (2014) Relational ethnography. Theory Soc. 43(5):547–579.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dodgson M, Gann DM, Salter A (2007) “In case of fire, please use the elevator”: Simulation technology and organization in fire engineering. Organ. Sci. 18(5):849–864.Link, Google Scholar
• Dougherty D (1992) Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organ. Sci. 3(2):179–202.Link, Google Scholar
• Dove G, Fayard AL (2020) Monsters, metaphors, and machine learning. Proc. CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Comput. Systems, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376275.Google Scholar
• Dumit (2012) Drugs for Life: Growing Health through Facts and Pharmaceuticals (Duke University Press, Durham, NC).Google Scholar
• Eadicicco L (2019) Leaked Apple documents reveal that Siri was designed to deflect questions about feminism and #MeToo, report says. Business Insider (September 6). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-designed-siri-to-deflect-questions-about-feminism-metoo-report-2019-9#:∼:text=Leaked%20Apple%20documents%20reveal%20that,feminism%20and%20%23MeToo%2C%20report%20says&text=Apple's%20Siri%20has%20been%20re,movement%2C%20according%20to%20The%20Guardian.Google Scholar
• Edmondson AC, Bohmer RM, Pisano GP (2001) Disrupted routines: Team learning and new technology implementation in hospitals. Admin. Sci. Quart. 46(4):685–716.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elish MC, Watkins EA (2020) Repairing Innovation: A Study of Integrating AI in Clinical Care (Data & Society Research Institute).Google Scholar
• Elsbach KD (2003) Relating physical environment to self-categorizations: Identity threat and affirmation in a non-territorial office space. Admin. Sci. Quart. 48(4):622–654.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Faraj S, Pachidi S, Sayegh K (2018) Working and organizing in the age of the learning algorithm. Inform. Organ. 28(1):62–70.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fayard AL (2017) Bricolage in the field: Experimenting in ethnography. Mir R, Jain S, eds. The Routledge Companion to Qualitative Research in Organization Studies (Routledge, London), 141–153.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fayard AL (2021) Notes on the meaning of work: Labor, work, and action in the 21st century. J. Management Inquiry. 30(2):207–220.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fayard AL, Metiu A (2014) The role of writing in distributed collaboration. Organ. Sci. 25(5):1391–1413.Link, Google Scholar
• Fayard AL, Gkeredakis E, Levina N (2016) Framing innovation opportunities while staying committed to an organizational epistemic stance. Inform. Systems Res. 27(2):302–323.Link, Google Scholar
• Forbes (2015) Fintech 50: The future of your money. Forbes (December 9). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ffgh45emeel/kensho/?sh=39e29e837e40.Google Scholar
• Forsythe D (2001) Studying Those Who Study Us: An Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence (Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA).Google Scholar
• Frank M, Roehrig P, Pring B (2017) What to Do When Machines Do Everything: How to Get Ahead in a World of AI, Algorithms, Bots, and Big Data (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ).Google Scholar
• Gara A (2018) Wall Street tech spree: With Kensho acquisition S&P Global makes largest A.I. deal in history. Forbes (March 6). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2018/03/06/wall-street-tech-spree-with-kensho-acquisition-sp-global-makes-largest-a-i-deal-in-history/?sh=2f95d6967b85.Google Scholar
• Gaver B, Dunne T, Pacenti E (1999) Design: Cultural probes. Interaction 6(1):21–29.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Geertz C (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Geiger RS, Ribes D (2011) Trace ethnography: Following coordination through documentary practices. Proc. 44th Hawaii Internat. Conf. on System Sci. 1–10.Google Scholar
• Gillespie T (2012) Can an algorithm be wrong? Retrieved April 15, 2018, https://limn.it/articles/can-an-algorithm-be-wrong.Google Scholar
• Gittell JH (2002) Coordinating mechanisms in care provider groups: Relational coordination as a mediator and input uncertainty as a moderator of performance effects. Management Sci. 48(11):1408–1426.Link, Google Scholar
• Gittell JH, Seidner R, Wimbush J (2010) A relational model of how high-performance work systems work. Organ. Sci. 21(2):490–506.Link, Google Scholar
• Goodwin C (1995) Seeing in depth. Soc. Stud. Sci. 25(2):237–274.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gulati R (1995) Social structure and alliance formation patterns: A longitudinal analysis. Admin. Sci. Quart. 40:619–652.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Halbwachs M (1992) On Collective Memory (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hao K (2020) The coming war on the hidden algorithms that trap people in poverty. MIT Technology Review (December 4). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/04/1013068/algorithms-create-a-poverty-trap-lawyers-fight-back/.Google Scholar
• Hardy C, Lawrence TB, Grant D (2005) Discourse and collaboration: The role of conversations and collective identity. Acad. Management Rev. 30(1):58–77.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Harwell D (2019) A face-scanning algorithm increasingly decides whether you deserve the job. Washington Post (November 6). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/10/22/ai-hiring-face-scanning-algorithm-increasingly-decides-whether-you-deserve-job/.Google Scholar
• Henderson A, Kyng M (1991) There’s no place like home: Continuing design in use. Greenbaum J, Kyng M, eds. Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ), 219–240.Google Scholar
• Hess ED, Ludwig K (2017) Humility Is the New Smart: Rethinking Human Excellence in the Smart Machine Age (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Oakland, CA).Google Scholar
• Hutchins E (1991) The social organization of distributed cognition. Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD, eds. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), 283–307.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hutchins E (1995) Cognition in the Wild (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H (1992) Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37:422–447.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Irani L (2015) Difference and dependence among digital workers: The case of Amazon Mechanical Turk. South Atlantic Quart. 114(1):225–234.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kaplan S (2011) Strategy and PowerPoint: An inquiry into the epistemic culture and machinery of strategy making. Organ. Sci. 22(2):320–346.Link, Google Scholar
• Kaplan S, Milde J, Cowan RS (2017) Symbiont practices in boundary spanning: Bridging the cognitive and political divides in interdisciplinary research. Acad. Management J. 60(4):1387–1414.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC, Orlikowski WJ, Yates J (2006) Life in the trading zone: Structuring coordination across boundaries in postbureaucratic organizations. Organ. Sci. 17(1):22–44.Link, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC, Valentine MA, Christin A (2020) Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Acad. Management Ann. 14(1):366–410.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Knorr Cetina K (1999) Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Knorr Cetina K (2010) The epistemics of information: A consumption model. J. Consumer Culture 10(2):171–201.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Koebler J (2017) The rise of the robolawyers. Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/rise-of-the-robolawyers/517794/.Google Scholar
• Kozinets RV (2010) Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D (1992) The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. Eccles R, Nohria N, eds. Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action (Harvard Press, Cambridge, MA), 216–239.Google Scholar
• Latour B (1983) Give me a laboratory and I will raise the world. Knorr Cetina K, Mulkay M, eds. Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science (Sage, London), 141–140.Google Scholar
• Latour B (1987) Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Latour B (1988) The Pasteurization of France, English translation (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Latour B (1996) Aramis, or the Love of Technology (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Latour B (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lave J, Wenger E (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lebovitz S (2020) Artificial intelligence in practice. PhD dissertation, New York University, New York.Google Scholar
• Lebovitz S, Levina N, Lifshitz-Assaf H (2022) Is AI ground truth really “true”? The dangers of training and evaluating AI tools based on experts’ know-what. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 45(3):1501–1526.Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM (2008) Indeterminacy and the discourse of inevitability in international technology management. Acad. Management Rev. 33(4):975–984.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM (2011) When flexible routines meet flexible technologies: Affordance, constraint, and the imbrication of human and material agencies. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 35(1):147–167.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM (2013) When does technology use enable network change in organizations? A comparative study of feature use and shared affordances. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 37(3):749–775.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM (2021) COVID-19 and the new technologies of organizing: Digital exhaust, digital footprints, and artificial intelligence in the wake of remote work. J. Management Stud. 51(1):247–251.Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM, Bailey DE (2017) Recognizing and selling good ideas: Network articulation and the making of an offshore innovation hub. Acad. Managment Discovery 3(2):116–144.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonardi PM, Barley SR (2010) What’s under construction here? Social action, materiality, and power in constructivist studies of technology and organizing. Acad. Management Ann. 4(1):1–51.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levina N, Vaast E (2005) The emergence of boundary spanning competence in practice: Implications for implementation and use of information systems. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 29(2):335–363.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levy S (1984) A spreadsheet way of knowledge. Harper’s (November 24). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://backchannel.com/a-spreadsheet-way-of-knowledge-8de60af7146e.Google Scholar
• Lindebaum D, Vesa M, Den Hond F (2020) Insights from “The Machine Stops” to better understand rational assumptions in algorithmic decision making and its implications for organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 45(1):247–263.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lindtner SM, Nardi BA (2008) Mixed realities in China’s Internet cafes. Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.ics.uci.edu/∼lindtner/documents/Lindtner-Nardi_MixedRealitiesChina.pdf.Google Scholar
• MacKenzie DA (1990) Inventing Accuracy: An Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Malone T, Rus D, Laubacher R (2020) Artificial intelligence and the future of work. MIT Work of the Future Research Brief, RB17-2020. https://workofthefuture.mit.edu/research-post/artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-work/.Google Scholar
• Martin SR (2016) Stories about values and valuable stories: A field experiment of the power of narratives to shape newcomers’ actions. Acad. Management J. 59(5):1707–1724.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marx L (2010) Technology: The emergence of a hazardous concept. Tech. Culture 51:561–577.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Massa FG, O’Mahony S (2021) Order from chaos: How networked activists self-organize by creating a participation architecture. Admin. Sci. Quart. 66(4):1037–1083.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mazmanian M (2013) Avoiding the trap of constant connectivity: When congruent frames allow for heterogeneous practices. Acad. Management J. 56(5):1225–1250.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mazmanian M, Cohn M, Dourish P (2014) Dynamic reconfiguration in planetary exploration. Management Inform. Systems Quart. 38(3):831–848.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McAfee A, Brynjolfsson E (2017) Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future (Norton, New York).Google Scholar
• Meadows DH, Wright D (2008) Thinking in Systems: A Primer Paperback (Chelsea Green Publishing, Hartford, VT).Google Scholar
• Metiu A (2006) Owning the code: Status closure in distributed groups. Organ. Sci. 17(4):418–435.Link, Google Scholar
• Miller AP (2018) Want less-biased decisions? Use algorithms. Harvard Business Review (July 26). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://hbr.org/2018/07/want-less-biased-decisions-use-algorithms.Google Scholar
• Mol A (2002) The Body Multiple (Duke University Press, Durham, NC).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Muller MJ, Kuhn S (1993) Participatory design. Comm. ACM 36(6):24–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Murray A, Rhymer J, Sirmon DG (2021) Humans and technology: Forms of conjoined agency in organizations. Acad. Management Rev., ePub ahead of print July 15, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0186.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Myers N (2008) Molecular embodiments and the body-work of modeling in protein crystallography. Soc. Stud. Sci. 38(2):163–199.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nardi BA, Miller JR (1990) An ethnographic study of distributed problem solving in spreadsheet development. Proc. ACM Conf. on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1145/99332.99355.Google Scholar
• Nelson AJ, Irwin J (2014) “Defining what we do—all over again”: Occupational identity, technological change, and the librarian/Internet-search relationship. Acad. Management J. 57(3):892–928.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Norman DA (1988) The Psychology of Everyday Things (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• O’Mahony S, Bechky BA (2006) Stretchwork: Managing the career progression paradox in external labor markets. Acad. Management J. 49(5):918–941.Crossref, Google Scholar
• O’Neil C (2016) Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (Crown, New York).Google Scholar
• Oborn E, Barrett M, Dawson S (2013) Distributed leadership in policy formulation: A sociomaterial perspective. Organ. Stud. 34(2):253–276.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Okhuysen GA, Bechky BA (2009) Coordination in organizations: An integrative perspective. Acad. Management Ann. 3(1):463–502.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ (1992) The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organ. Sci. 3(3):398–427.Link, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ (2000) Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organ. Sci. 11(4):404–428.Link, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ, Gash DC (1994) Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Trans. Inform. Systems 12(2):174–207.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV (2008) Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation of technology, work and organization. Acad. Management Ann. 2(1):433–474.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orr JE (1996) Talking About Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).Google Scholar
• Østerlund C, Crowston K, Jackson C (2020) Building an apparatus: Refractive, reflective, and diffractive readings of trace data. J. Assoc. Inform. Systems 21(1):10.Google Scholar
• Østerlund C, Snyder J, Sawyer S, Sharma S, Willis M (2016) Documenting work: From participant observation to participant tracing. Elsbach K, Kramer R, eds. The Handbook of Qualitative Organizational Research: Innovative Pathways and Methods (Routledge, New York), 391–400.Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith J (2001) Managing laboratory work through skepticism: Processes of evaluation and control. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 66(3):427–452.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pachidi S, Berends H, Faraj S, Huysman M (2021) Make way for the algorithms: Symbolic actions and change in a regime of knowing. Organ. Sci. 32(1):18–41.Link, Google Scholar
• Pasquale F (2015) The Black Box Society (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pickering A (1993) The mangle of practice: Agency and emergence in the sociology of science. Amer. J. Sociol. 99(3):559–589.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pine KH, Mazmanian M (2017) Artful and contorted coordinating: The ramifications of imposing formal logics of task jurisdiction on situated practice. Acad. Management J. 60(2):720–742.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Polli F (2019) Using AI to eliminate bias from hiring. Harvard Business Review (October 29). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://hbr.org/2019/10/using-ai-to-eliminate-bias-from-hiring.Google Scholar
• Popper N (2016) The robots are coming for Wall Street. New York Times Magazine (February 15). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/the-robots-are-coming-for-wall-street.html.Google Scholar
• Raghavan M, Barocas S, Kleinberg J, Levy K (2020) Mitigating bias in algorithmic hiring: Evaluating claims and practices. Proc. ACM Conf. on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 469–481.Google Scholar
• Riopelle K (2013) Being there: The power of technology-based methods in Jordan, B. ed. Advancing Ethnography in Corporate Environments (Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA), 38–55.Google Scholar
• Rosenblat A (2018) Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rudin C, Radin J (2019) Why are we using black box models in AI when we don’t need to? A lesson from an explainable AI competition. HDSR (November 22). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/f9kuryi8/release/6.Google Scholar
• Sachs SE (2020) The algorithm at work? Explanation and repair in the enactment of similarity in art data. Inform. Comm. Soc. 23(11):1689–1705.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schilling MA, Phelps C (2007) Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Sci. 53(7):1113–1126.Link, Google Scholar
• Schmelzer R (2020) The human-powered companies that make AI work. Forbes (February 2). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/02/02/the-human-powered-companies-that-make-ai-work/?sh=6e21a54c670c.Google Scholar
• Schwartz J, Mallon D, Van Durme Y, Hauptmann M, Yan R, Poynton S (2020) Superteams: Putting AI in the group. Deloitte Insights (May 15). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends/2020/human-ai-collaboration.html.Google Scholar
• Scott SV, Orlikowski WJ (2012) Reconfiguring relations of accountability: Materialization of social media in the travel sector. Accounting Organ. Soc. 37(1):26–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Securities and Exchange Commission (2020) Staff report on algorithmic trading in U.S. Capital Markets. Staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (August 5). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.sec.gov/files/Algo_Trading_Report_2020.pdf.Google Scholar
• Shestakofsky B (2017) Working algorithms: Software automation and the future of work. Work Occupation 44(4):376–423.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shipilov A, Gawer A (2020) Integrating research on interorganizational networks and ecosystems. Acad. Management Ann. 14(1):92–121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simon HA (1947) Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization (Free Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Smets M, Jarzabkowski P, Burke GT, Spee P (2015) Reinsurance trading in Lloyd’s of London: Balancing conflicting-yet-complementary logics in practice. Acad. Management J. 58(3):932–970.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Spee P, Jarzabkowski P, Smets M (2016) The influence of routine interdependence and skillful accomplishment on the coordination of standardizing and customizing. Organ. Sci. 27(3):759–781.Link, Google Scholar
• Spielkamp M (2017) Inspecting algorithms for bias. MIT Technology Review (June 12). Accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/12/105804/inspecting-algorithms-for-bias/.Google Scholar
• Star SL, Griesemer JR (1989) Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Soc. Stud. Sci. 19(3):387–420.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Starr SB (2014) Evidence-based sentencing and the scientific rationalization of discrimination. Stanford Law Rev. 66:803–872.Google Scholar
• Suchman LA (2007) Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Susskind RE, Susskind D (2015) The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Thomas RJ (1994) What Machines Can’t Do: Politics and Technology in the Industrial Enterprise (University of California Press, Oakland).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tripsas M (2009) Technology, identity, and inertia through the lens of “The Digital Photography Company.” Organ. Sci. 20(2):441–460.Link, Google Scholar
• Tsoukas H (2009) A dialogical approach to the creation of new knowledge in organizations. Organ. Sci. 20(6):941–957.Link, Google Scholar
• Tyre MJ, Orlikowski WJ (1994) Windows of opportunity: Temporal patterns of technological adaptation in organizations. Organ. Sci. 5(1):98–118.Link, Google Scholar
• Valentine MA, Hinds R (2021) “Rolling up the leaf node” to new levels of analysis: How algorithmic decision-making changes roles, hierarchies, and org charts. Working paper, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
• Van Maanen J (2011) Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van Maanen J (2020) Withdrawal pains and gains: Exiting from the field. Mir R, Fayard AL, eds. The Routledge Companion to Anthropology and Business (Routledge, New York), 501–513.Google Scholar
• Von Hippel E (1976) The dominant role of users in the scientific instrument innovation process. Res. Policy 5(3):212–239.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Von Hippel E (1986) Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Sci. 32(7):791–805.Link, Google Scholar
• Von Hippel E (2005) Democratizing Innovation (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Waardenburg L, Huysman M, Sergeeva AV (2022) In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king: Knowledge brokerage in the age of learning algorithms. Organ. Sci. 33(1):59–82.Link, Google Scholar
• Watkins (2021) The polysemia of recognition: Facial recognition in algorithmic management. PhD dissertation, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
• Weber M (2013) [1920] From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Routledge, London).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weeks J (2020) What good is the ethnographic interview? Mir R, Fayard AL, eds. The Routledge Companion to Anthropology and Business (Routledge, London), 64–79.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weick KE (1993) The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Admin. Sci. Quart. 38(4):628–652.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wilson HJ, Daugherty PR (2018) Collaborative intelligence: Humans and AI are joining forces. Harvard Bus. Rev. (July-August):114–123.Google Scholar
• Winner L (1980) Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109(1):121–136.Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum (2016) Who are the technology pioneers? Accessed December 3, 2022, https://widgets.weforum.org/techpioneers-2016/index.html.Google Scholar
• Zammuto RF, Griffith TL, Majchrzak A, Dougherty DJ, Faraj S (2007) Information technology and the changing fabric of organization. Organ. Sci. 18(5):749–762.Link, Google Scholar
• Zbaracki MJ (1998) The rhetoric and reality of total quality management. Admin. Sci. Quart. 43:602–636.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zilber TB (2006) The work of the symbolic in institutional processes: Translations of rational myths in Israeli high tech. Acad. Management J. 49(2):281–303.Crossref, Google Scholar