The Strain of Spanning Structural Holes: How Brokering Leads to Burnout and Abusive Behavior

References

• Acock AC, Hurlbert JS (1993) Social networks, marital status, and well-being. Soc. Networks 15(3):309–334.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Aguinis H, Villamor I, Ramani RS (2021) Mturk research: Review and recommendations. J. Management 47(4):823–837.Google Scholar
• Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isometsä E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Koskinen S, Aromaa A, Lönnqvist J (2006) Burnout in the general population: Results from the Finnish health 2000 study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 41(1):11–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Alarcon GM (2011) A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. J. Vocat. Behav. 79(2):549–562.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baillien E, Rodriguez-Muñoz A, den Broeck AV, Witte HD (2011) Do demands and resources affect target’s and perpetrators’ reports of workplace bullying? A two-wave cross-lagged study. Work Stress 25(2):128–146.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bakker A, Demerouti E, Schaufeli W (2003) Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands – resources model. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psych. 12(4):393–417.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E (2007) The Job Demands‐Resources model: State of the art. J. Management Psych. 22(3):309–328.Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E (2017) Job Demands–Resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. J. Occup. Health Psych. 22(3):273–285.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Euwema MC (2005) Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. J. Occup. Health Psych. 10(2):170–180.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Sanz-Vergel AI (2014) Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 1(1):389–411.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Verbeke W (2004) Using the job demands‐resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management 43(1):83–104.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barnes CM, Lucianetti L, Bhave DP, Christian MS (2015) “You wouldn’t like me when I’m sleepy”: Leaders’ sleep, daily abusive supervision, and work unit engagement. Acad. Management J. 58(5):1419–1437.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bolton LR, Harvey RD, Grawitch MJ, Barber LK (2012) Counterproductive work behaviours in response to emotional exhaustion: A moderated mediational approach. Stress Health 28(3):222–233.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Borgatti SP, Brass DJ, Halgin DS (2014) Social network research: Confusions, criticisms, and controversies. Brass DJ, Labianca G (JOE), Mehra A, Halgin DS, Borgatti SP, eds. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bradford, UK), 1–29.Google Scholar
• Borysenko K (2019) Burnout is now an officially diagnosable condition: Here’s what you need to know about it. Forbes (May 29), https://www.forbes.com/sites/karlynborysenko/2019/05/29/burnout-is-now-an-officially-diagnosable-condition-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-it/.Google Scholar
• Brewer EW, Shapard L (2004) Employee burnout: A meta-analysis of the relationship between age or years of experience. Human Resource Dev. Rev. 3(2):102–123.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (1992) Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2000) Decay functions. Soc. Networks 22(1):1–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2004) Structural holes and good ideas. Amer. J. Sociol. 110(2):349–399.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2005) Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2007) Secondhand brokerage: Evidence on the importance of local structure for managers, bankers, and analysts. Acad. Management J. 50(1):119–148.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2010) Neighbor Networks: Competitive Advantage Local and Personal (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2015) Reinforced structural holes. Soc. Networks 43:149–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS (2021) Structural holes: Capstone, cautions, and enthusiasms. Small ML, Perry BL, Pescosolido B, Smith EB, eds. Personal Networks: Classic Readings and New Directions in Ego-Centric Analysis (Cambridge University Press, New York), 384–416.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Burt RS, Merluzzi J (2016) Network oscillation. Acad. Management Discov. 2(4):368–391.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Campbell EL, Hahl O (2022) He’s overqualified, she’s highly committed: Qualification signals and gendered assumptions about job candidate commitment. Organ. Sci. 33(6):2451–2476.Link, Google Scholar
• Carter DR, DeChurch LA, Braun MT, Contractor NS (2015) Social network approaches to leadership: An integrative conceptual review. J. Appl. Psych. 100(3):597–622.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman J (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer. J. Sociol. 94:S95–S120.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coleman J (1990) Foundations of Social Theory (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Collins R (2014) Interaction Ritual Chains (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Courtens AM, Stevens FCJ, Crebolder HFJM, Philipsen H (1996) Longitudinal study on quality of life and social support in cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 19(3):162–169.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Crawford ER, LePine JA, Rich BL (2010) Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. J. Appl. Psych. 95(5):834–848.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Csardi G, Nepusz T (2006) The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal Complex Systems 1695(5):1–9.Google Scholar
• De Hoogh AHB, Den Hartog DN, Belschak FD (2021) Showing one’s true colors: Leader Machiavellianism, rules and instrumental climate, and abusive supervision. J. Organ. Behav. 42(7):851–866.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Deeds Pamphile V, Ruttan RL (2022) The (bounded) role of stated-lived value congruence and authenticity in employee evaluations of organizations. Organ. Sci., ePub ahead of print April 26, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1578Link, Google Scholar
• Demerouti E, Nachreiner F, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB (2001) The Job Demands-Resources model of burnout. J. Appl. Psych. 86(3):499–512.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeWall CN, Baumeister RF, Stillman TF, Gailliot MT (2007) Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 43(1):62–76.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dowler K (2005) Job satisfaction, burnout, and perception of unfair treatment: The relationship between race and police work. Police Quart. 8(4):476–489.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Falzon L, Quintane E, Dunn J, Robins G (2018) Embedding time in positions: Temporal measures of centrality for social network analysis. Soc. Networks 54:168–178.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Faulkner J, Schaller M, Park JH, Duncan LA (2004) Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes. Group Processes Intergroup Relat. 7(4):333–353.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fernet C, Austin S, Trépanier SG, Dussault M (2013) How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psych. 22(2):123–137.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Folkman S, Lazarus R (1988) Manual for the Ways of Coping Scale (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA).Google Scholar
• Foulk TA, Lanaj K, Tu MH, Erez A, Archambeau L (2018) Heavy is the head that wears the crown: An actor-centric approach to daily psychological power, abusive leader behavior, and perceived incivility. Acad. Management J. 61(2):661–684.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Friedman RA, Podolny J (1992) Differentiation of boundary spanning roles: Labor negotiations and implications for role conflict. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37(1):28–47.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Furnari S, Rolbina M (2018) Brokerage styles and interaction rituals in creative projects: Toward an interactionist perspective on brokerage. Jones C, Maoret M, eds. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK), 17–45.Google Scholar
• Galinsky AD, Gruenfeld DH, Magee JC (2003) From power to action. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 85(3):453–466.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gil-Monte PR, García-Juesas JA, Núñez E, Carter N, Roldán MD, Caro M (2011) Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI, CESQT, CESQT-PD). [Database record] APA PsycTests (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
• Gil-Monte PR, Zúñiga-Caballero LC (2010) Factorial validity of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” (SBI) in a sample of Mexican doctors. Universitas Psychologica 9(1):169–178.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Campbell EM (2007) Doing good, doing harm, being well and burning out: The interactions of perceived prosocial and antisocial impact in service work. J. Occup. Organ. Psych. 80(4):665–691.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grosser TJ, Obstfeld D, Labianca G (Joe), Borgatti S (2019) Measuring mediation and separation brokerage orientations: A further step toward studying the social network brokerage process. Acad. Management Discov. 5(2):114–136.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Halevy N, Halali E, Cohen TR (2020) Brokering orientations and social capital: Influencing others’ relationships shapes status and trust. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 119(2):293–316.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Halevy N, Halali E, Zlatev JJ (2019) Brokerage and brokering: An integrative review and organizing framework for third party influence. Acad. Management Ann. 13(1):215–239.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hayes AF (2017) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd ed. (Guilford Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Preacher KJ (2014) Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. Br. J. Math. Statist. Psych. 67(3):451–470.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Heatherton TF, Polivy J (1991) Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 60(6):895–910.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav. Brain Sci. 33(2–3):61–83.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE, Halbesleben J, Neveu JP, Westman M (2018) Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 5(1):103–128.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE, Lilly RS (1993) Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. J. Community Psych. 21(2):128–148.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D (2010) A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psych. Methods 15(4):309–334.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D, Yamamoto T (2011) Unpacking the black box of causality: Learning about causal mechanisms from experimental and observational studies. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 105(4):765–789.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ingram P, Morris MW (2007) Do people mix at mixers? Structure, homophily, and the “life of the party.” Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(4):558–585.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Iorio A (2022) Brokers in disguise: The joint effect of actual brokerage and socially perceived brokerage on network advantage. Admin. Sci. Quart. 67(3):769–820.Crossref, Google Scholar
• van Jaarsveld DD, Walker DD, Skarlicki DP (2010) The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. J. Management 36(6):1486–1504.Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC (2014) Brokerage professions and implementing reform in an age of experts. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(5):912–941.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kitayama S (2017) Journal of personality and social psychology: Attitudes and social cognition. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 112(3):357–360.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kleinbaum AM, Stuart TE (2014) Inside the black box of the corporate staff: Social networks and the implementation of corporate strategy. Strategic Management J. 35(1):24–47.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kontoleon N, Falzon L, Pattison P (2013) Algebraic structures for dynamic networks. J. Math. Psych. 57(6):310–319.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Korman JV, Van Quaquebeke N, Tröster C (2022) Managers are less burned-out at the top: The roles of sense of power and self-efficacy at different hierarchy levels. J. Bus. Psych. 37(1):151–171.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Krackhardt D (1999) The ties that torture: Simmelian tie analysis in organizations. Bacharach SB, Andrews SB, Knoke D, eds. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (JAI Press, Stamford, CT), 183–210.Google Scholar
• Laghaie A, Otter T (2023) Express: Measuring evidence for mediation in the presence of measurement error. J. Marketing Res., ePub ahead of print January 7, https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231151873Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lam CK, Walter F, Huang X (2017) Supervisors’ emotional exhaustion and abusive supervision: The moderating roles of perceived subordinate performance and supervisor self-monitoring. J. Organ. Behav. 38(8):1151–1166.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lee RT, Ashforth BE (1996) A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. J. Appl. Psych. 81(2):123–133.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leiter MP, Bakker AB, Maslach C (2014) Burnout at Work: A Psychological Perspective (Psychology Press, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin N (1999) Social networks and status attainment. Annual Rev. Sociol. 25(1):467–487.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lin SH, Ma J, Johnson RE (2016) When ethical leader behavior breaks bad: How ethical leader behavior can turn abusive via ego depletion and moral licensing. J. Appl. Psych. 101(6):815–830.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Litman L, Robinson J, Abberbock T (2017) TurkPrime.com: A versatile crowdsourcing data acquisition platform for the behavioral sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 49(2):433–442.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang M, Chang CH, Shi J, Zhou L, Shao R (2014) Work-family conflict, emotional exhaustion, and displaced aggression toward others: The moderating roles of workplace interpersonal conflict and perceived managerial family support. J. Appl. Psych. 100(3):793–808.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Londoño NH, Henao López GC, Puerta IC, Posada S, Arango D, Aguirre-Acevedo DC (2006) Propiedades psicométricas y validación de la escala de estrategias de coping modificada (EEC-M) en una muestra colombiana. Universitas Psychologica. 5(2):327–350.Google Scholar
• Long Lingo E (2023) Digital curation and creative brokering: Managing information overload in open organizing. Organ. Stud. 44(1):105–133.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Long Lingo E, O’Mahony S (2010) Nexus work: Brokerage on creative projects. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(1):47–81.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mackey JD, Frieder RE, Brees JR, Martinko MJ (2017) Abusive supervision: A meta-analysis and empirical review. J. Management 43(6):1940–1965.Google Scholar
• Martinko MJ, Harvey P, Brees JR, Mackey J (2013) A review of abusive supervision research. J. Organ. Behav. 34(S1):S120–S137.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maslach C, Jackson SE (1981) The measurement of experienced burnout. J. Organ. Behav. 2(2):99–113.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP (2001) Job burnout. Annual Rev. Psychol. 52(1):397–422.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDermott R (2011) Internal and external validity. Druckman JN, Green DP, Kuklinski JH, Lupia A, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science (Cambridge University Press, New York), 27–40.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McEvily B, Zaheer A (1999) Bridging ties: A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management J. 20(12):1133–1156.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Rev. Sociol. 27(1):415–444.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mehra A, Schenkel MT (2008) The price chameleons pay: Self-monitoring, boundary spanning and role conflict in the workplace. Br. J. Management 19(2):138–144.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nahrgang JD, Morgeson FP, Hofmann DA (2011) Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. J. Appl. Psych. 96(1):71–94.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ng BCS, Zhang X, Chen ZXG (2021) A stress perspective on antecedents of abusive supervision: Blaming the organisation when exhausted supervisors abuse. J. Management Organ. 27(2):361–381.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Obstfeld D (2005) Social networks, the tertius iungens orientation, and involvement in innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 50(1):100–130.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Obstfeld D, Borgatti SP, Davis J (2014) Brokerage as a process: Decoupling third party action from social network structure. Brass DJ, Labianca G, Mehra A, Hargin DS, Borgatti SP, eds. Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK), 135–159.Google Scholar
• Ocasio W (1997) Toward an attention‐based view of the firm. Strategic Management J. 18(S1):187–206.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Podolny JM, Baron JN (1997) Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 62(5):673–693.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff NP (2012) Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Rev. Psych. 63(1):539–569.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Purvanova RK, Muros JP (2010) Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. J. Vocat. Behav. 77(2):168–185.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Quintane E, Carnabuci G (2016) How do brokers broker? Tertius gaudens, tertius iungens, and the temporality of structural holes. Organ. Sci. 27(6):1343–1360.Link, Google Scholar
• Quintane E, Wood M, Dunn J, Falzon L (2021) Temporal brokering: A measure of brokerage as a behavioral process. Organ. Res. Methods 25(3):459–489.Crossref, Google Scholar
• R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
• Reagans R, McEvily B (2003) Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Admin. Sci. Quart. 48(2):240–267.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rhee EY, Fiss PC (2014) Framing controversial actions: Regulatory focus, source credibility, and stock market reaction to poison pill adoption. Acad. Management J. 57(6):1734–1758.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Robinson SL, O’Reilly J, Wang W (2013) Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism. J. Management 39(1):203–231.Google Scholar
• Sandín B, Chorot P (2003) Cuestionario de afrontamiento del estrés (CAE): Desarrollo y validación preliminar. Rev. Psicopatol. Psicol. Clin. 8(1):39–54.Google Scholar
• Schaufeli WB, Taris TW (2014) A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. Bauer GF, Hämmig O, eds. Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach (Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, Netherlands), 43–68.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schweinsberg M, Feldman M, Staub N, van den Akker OR, van Aert RCM, van Assen MALM, Liu Y, et al. (2021) Same data, different conclusions: Radical dispersion in empirical results when independent analysts operationalize and test the same hypothesis. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 165:228–249.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shipilov A, Labianca G, Kalnysh V, Kalnysh Y (2014) Network-building behavioral tendencies, range, and promotion speed. Soc. Networks 39:71–83.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Simmel G (1950) The Sociology of Georg Simmel (Free Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Soda G, Tortoriello M, Iorio A (2018) Harvesting value from brokerage: Individual strategic orientation, structural holes, and performance. Acad. Management J. 61(3):896–918.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stovel K, Golub B, Milgrom EMM (2011) Stabilizing brokerage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(suppl 4):21326–21332.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stovel K, Shaw L (2012) Brokerage. Annual Rev. Sociol. 38(1):139–158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tasselli S, Kilduff M (2018) When brokerage between friendship cliques endangers trust: A personality-network fit perspective. Acad. Management J. 61(3):802–825.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tepper BJ (2000) Consequences of abusive supervision. Acad. Management J. 43(2):178–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tepper BJ (2007) Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. J. Management 33(3):261–289.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Trougakos JP, Beal DJ, Green SG, Weiss HM (2008) Making the break count: An episodic examination of recovery activities, emotional experiences, and positive affective displays. Acad. Management J. 51(1):131–146.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Van de Mortel TF (2008) Faking it: Social desirability response bias in self-report research. Aust. J. Adv. Nurs. 25(4):40–48.Google Scholar
• Walter F, Lam CK, van der Vegt GS, Huang X, Miao Q (2015) Abusive supervision and subordinate performance: Instrumentality considerations in the emergence and consequences of abusive supervision. J. Appl. Psych. 100(4):1056–1072.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Westman M, Etzion D, Danon E (2001) Job insecurity and crossover of burnout in married couples. J. Organ. Behav. 22(5):467–481.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wheeler AR, Halbesleben JRB, Whitman MV (2013) The interactive effects of abusive supervision and entitlement on emotional exhaustion and co-worker abuse. J. Occup. Organ. Psych. 86(4):477–496.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Whitman MV, Halbesleben JR, Holmes IVO (2014) Abusive supervision and feedback avoidance: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. J. Organ. Behav. 35(1):38–53.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Xiao Z, Tsui AS (2007) When brokers may not work: The cultural contingency of social capital in Chinese high-tech firms. Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(1):1–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yam KC, Fehr R, Keng-Highberger FT, Klotz AC, Reynolds SJ (2016) Out of control: A self-control perspective on the link between surface acting and abusive supervision. J. Appl. Psych. 101(2):292–301.Crossref, Google Scholar