When Your Friend is My Friend: How Loyalty Prompts Support for Indirect Ties in Moral Dilemmas

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.18003

References

  • Abdurahman S, Reimer NK, Golazizian P, Baek E, Shen Y, Trager J, Lulla R, Kaplan J, Parkinson C, Dehghani M (2023) Moral alignment shapes responses to shared content. Preprint, submitted May 12, https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ztq2k.Google Scholar
  • Amato PR (1990) Personality and social network involvement as predictors of helping behavior in everyday life. Soc. Psych. Quart. 53(1):31–43.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Anik L, Norton MI (2014) Matchmaking promotes happiness. Soc. Psych. Personality Sci. 5(6):644–652.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bergemann P, Aven B (2023) Whistleblowing and group affiliation: The role of group cohesion and the locus of the wrongdoer in reporting decisions. Organ. Sci. 34(3):1243–1265.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Bergquist M, Nilsson A (2019) The DOs and DON’Ts in social norms: A descriptive don’t-norm increases conformity. J. Theoret. Soc. Psych. 3(3):158–166.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Berry Z, Lucas BJ (2024) How much is enough? The relationship between prosocial effort and moral character judgments. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 50(5):659–678.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Berry Z, Lewis NAJ, Sowden WJ (2021) The double-edged sword of loyalty. Curr. Dir. Psych. Sci. 30(4):321–326.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Berry Z, Silver I, Shaw A (2023) Moral paragons, but crummy friends: The case of snitching. J. Experiment. Psych. Appl., ePub ahead of print October 30, https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000501.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bowlby J (1982) Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. Amer. J. Orthopsychiatry 52(4):664–678.Google Scholar
  • Brass DJ (2022) New developments in social network analysis. Annual Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 9:225–246.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Brewer MB, Gardner W (1996) Who is this “we”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 71(1):83–93.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burger JM, Messian N, Patel S, Del Prado A, Anderson C (2004) What a coincidence! The effects of incidental similarity on compliance. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 30(1):35–43.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burger JM, Soroka S, Gonzago K, Murphy E, Somervell E (2001) The effect of fleeting attraction on compliance to requests. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 27(12):1578–1586.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Burt RS, Kilduff M, Tasselli S (2013) Social network analysis: Foundations and frontiers on advantage. Annual Rev. Psych. 64:527–547.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Campbell DT, Fiske DW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psych. Bull. 56(2):81–105.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chen A, Treviño LK (2022) Promotive and prohibitive ethical voice: Coworker emotions and support for the voice. J. Appl. Psych. 107(11):1973–1994.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chen A, Treviño LK (2023) The consequences of ethical voice inside the organization: An integrative review. J. Appl. Psych. 108(8):1316–1335.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cialdini RB, Trost MR (1998) Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 1-2, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York), 151–192.Google Scholar
  • Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58(6):1015–1026.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Collisson B, Howell JL (2014) The liking-similarity effect: Perceptions of similarity as a function of liking. J. Soc. Psych. 154(5):384–400.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Colquitt JA, Salam SC (2012) Foster trust through ability, benevolence, and integrity. Locke EA, ed. Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Hoboken, NJ), 389–404.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Costello CK, Srivastava S (2021) Perceiving personality through the grapevine: A network approach to reputations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 121(1):151–167.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • DeScioli P, Kurzban R (2009) The alliance hypothesis for human friendship. PLoS One 4(6):e5802.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dungan JA, Young L, Waytz A (2019) The power of moral concerns in predicting whistleblowing decisions. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 85:103848.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Emswiller T, Deaux K, Willits JE (1971) Similarity, sex, and requests for small favors. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 1(3):284–291.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Everett JAC, Pizarro DA, Crockett MJ (2016) Inference of trustworthiness from intuitive moral judgments. J. Experiment. Psych. General 145(6):772–787.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Everett JAC, Faber NS, Savulescu J, Crockett MJ (2018) The costs of being consequentialist: Social inference from instrumental harm and impartial beneficence. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 79:200–216.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fehr R, Yam KC, Dang C (2015) Moralized leadership: The construction and consequences of ethical leader perceptions. Acad. Management Rev. 40(2):182–209.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Felten E (2012) Loyalty: The Vexing Virtue (Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York).Google Scholar
  • Feng B, MacGeorge EL (2006) Predicting receptiveness to advice: Characteristics of the problem, the advice-giver, and the recipient. Southern Comm. J. 71(1):67–85.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fernandez RM, Weinberg N (1997) Sifting and sorting: Personal contacts and hiring in a retail bank. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 62(6):883–902.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ferrin DL, Dirks KT, Shah PP (2006) Direct and indirect effects of third-party relationships on interpersonal trust. J. Appl. Psych. 91(4):870–883.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Forbes RC, Stellar J (2022) When the ones we love misbehave: Exploring moral processes within intimate bonds. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 122(1):16–33.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gino F, Ayal S, Ariely D (2009) Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psych. Sci. 20(3):393–398.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Graham J, Haidt J, Nosek BA (2009) Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 96(5):1029–1046.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Graham J, Nosek BA, Haidt J, Iyer R, Koleva S, Ditto PH (2011) Mapping the moral domain. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 101(2):366–385.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Granovetter MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. Amer. J. Sociol. 78(6):1360–1380.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Haidt J, Joseph C (2004) Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus 133(4):55–65.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Halevy N, Halali E, Cohen TR (2020) Brokering orientations and social capital: Influencing others’ relationships shapes status and trust. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 119(2):293–316.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Halevy N, Halali E, Zlatev JJ (2019) Brokerage and brokering: An integrative review and organizing framework for third party influence. Acad. Management Ann. 13(1):215–239.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hartman E (1996) Organizational Ethics and the Good Life (Oxford University Press, New York).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Heider F (1958) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hildreth A (2016) The Moral Psychology of Loyalty (University of California Berkeley, Berkeley).Google Scholar
  • Hildreth JAD (2024) When loyalty binds: Examining the effectiveness of group vs. personal loyalty calls on followers’ compliance with leaders’ unethical requests. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 181:104310.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hildreth JAD, Anderson C (2018) Does loyalty trump honesty? Moral judgments of loyalty-driven deceit. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 79:87–94.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hildreth JAD, Gino F, Bazerman M (2016) Blind loyalty? When group loyalty makes us see evil or engage in it. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 132:16–36.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hirschman A (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Harvard University Press, Boston).Google Scholar
  • Hofmann W, Brandt MJ, Wisneski DC, Rockenbach B, Skitka LJ (2018) Moral punishment in everyday life. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 44(12):1697–1711.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hughes JS (2017) In a moral dilemma, choose the one you love: Impartial actors are seen as less moral than partial ones. British J. Soc. Psych. 56(3):561–577.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jones TM (1991) Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Acad. Management Rev. 16(2):366–395.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kahneman D, Miller DT (1986) Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psych. Rev. 93(2):136–153.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kaplan S, Milde J, Cowan RS (2016) Symbiont practices in boundary spanning: Bridging the cognitive and political divides in interdisciplinary research. Acad. Management J. 60(4):1387–1414.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kelley HH, Holmes JG, Kerr NL, Reis HT, Rusbult CE, Van Lange PAM (2003) An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
  • Kidder R (1995) How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living (HarperCollins Publishing, New York).Google Scholar
  • Kim PH, Ferrin DL, Cooper CD, Dirks KT (2004) Removing the shadow of suspicion: The effects of apology vs. denial for repairing competence- vs. integrity-based trust violations. J. Appl. Psych. 89(1):104–118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • King G, Hermodson A (2000) Peer reporting of coworker wrongdoing: A qualitative analysis of observer attitudes in the decision to report vs. not report unethical behavior. J. Appl. Comm. Res. 28(4):309–329.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kleinbaum AM, Jordan AH, Audia PG (2015) An altercentric perspective on the origins of brokerage in social networks: How perceived empathy moderates the self-monitoring effect. Organ. Sci. 26(4):1226–1242.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Krackhardt D (1992) The strength of strong ties: The importance of Philos in organizations. Nohria N, Eccles R, eds. Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, vol. 216 (Harvard University Press, Boston), 216–239.Google Scholar
  • Kundro TG, Nurmohamed S (2021) Understanding when and why cover-ups are punished less severely. Acad. Management J. 64(3).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kundro TG, Rothbard NP (2023) Does power protect female moral objectors? How and when moral objectors’ gender, power, and use of organizational frames influence perceived self-control and experienced retaliation. Acad. Management J. 66(1):306–334.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kunst JR, Thomsen L, Dovidio JF (2019) Divided loyalties: Perceptions of disloyalty underpin bias toward dually-identified minority-group members. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 117(4):807–838.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kwon SW, Rondi E, Levin DZ, De Massis A, Brass DJ (2020) Network brokerage: An integrative review and future research agenda. J. Management 46(6):1092–1120.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lee J, Holyoak KJ (2020) “But he’s my brother”: The impact of family obligation on moral judgments and decisions. Memory Cognition 48(1):158–170.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lerner JS, Tetlock PE (1999) Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psych. Bull. 125(2):255–275.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Levin DZ, Walter J, Appleyard MM, Cross R (2016) Relational enhancement: How the relational dimension of social capital unlocks the value of network-bridging ties. Group Organ. Management 41(4):415–457.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Levine M, Prosser A, Evans D, Reicher S (2005) Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 31(4):443–453.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lingo EL, O’Mahony S (2010) Nexus work: Brokerage on creative projects. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(1):47–81.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Matta FK, Scott BA, Koopman J, Conlon DE (2015) Does seeing “eye to eye” affect work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior? A role theory perspective on LMX agreement. Acad. Management J. 58(6):1686–1708.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mayer RC, Davis JH (1999) The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. J. Appl. Psych. 84(1):123–136.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mayer RC, Davis JH, Schoorman FD (1995) An integrative model of organizational trust. Acad. Management Rev. 20(3):709–734.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mayer DM, Aquino K, Greenbaum RL, Kuenzi M (2012) Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Acad. Management J. 55(1):151–171.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mayer DM, Kuenzi M, Greenbaum R, Bardes M, Salvador R (2009) How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 108(1):1–13.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McKnight DH, Cummings LL, Chervany NL (1998) Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Acad. Management Rev. 23(3):473–490.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McManus RM, Kleiman-Weiner M, Young L (2020) What we owe to family: The impact of special obligations on moral judgment. Psych. Sci. 31(3):227–242.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McManus RM, Mason JE, Young L (2021) Re-examining the role of family relationships in structuring perceived helping obligations, and their impact on moral evaluation. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 96:104182.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Rev. Sociol. 27:415–444.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Meglino BM, Ravlin EC (1998) Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research. J. Management 24(3):351–389.Google Scholar
  • Mell JN, Jang S, Chai S (2021) Bridging temporal divides: Temporal brokerage in global teams and its impact on individual performance. Organ. Sci. 32(3):731–751.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Mesdaghinia S, Rawat A, Nadavulakere S (2019) Why moral followers quit: Examining the role of leader bottom-line mentality and unethical pro-leader behavior. J. Bus. Ethics 159(2):491–505.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C (2005) Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. J. Bus. Ethics 62(3):277–297.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Minson JA, Monin B (2012) Do-gooder derogation: Disparaging morally motivated minorities to defuse anticipated reproach. Soc. Psych. Personality Sci. 3(2):200–207.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Monin B (2007) Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain. Rev. Internat. Psych. Soc. 20(1):53–58.Google Scholar
  • Monin B, Sawyer PJ, Marquez MJ (2008) The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 95(1):76–93.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Moore C, Gino F (2013) Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it. Res. Organ. Behav. 33:53–77.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Morrison EW (2014) Employee voice and silence. Annual Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 1:173–197.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Morrison EW (2023) Employee voice and silence: Taking stock a decade later. Annual Rev. Organ. Psych. Organ. Behav. 10(1):79–107.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Mushtaq F, Bland AR, Schaefer A (2011) Uncertainty and cognitive control. Frontiers Psych. 2:249.Google Scholar
  • Near JP, Miceli MP (1985) Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing. J. Bus. Ethics 4(1):1–16.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Near JP, Miceli MP (2008) Wrongdoing, whistle-blowing, and retaliation in the U.S. government: What have researchers learned from the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) survey results? Rev. Public Personnel Admin. 28(3):263–281.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Near JP, Rehg MT, Scotter JRV, Miceli MP (2004) Does type of wrongdoing affect the whistle-blowing process? Bus. Ethics Quart. 14(2):219–242.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Obstfeld D (2005) Social networks, the Tertius Iungens orientation, and involvement in innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 50(1):100–130.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Oyserman D (2009) Identity-based motivation: Implications for action-readiness, procedural-readiness, and consumer behavior. J. Consumer Psych. 19(3):250–260.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Oyserman D, Lewis NA (2017) Seeing the destination AND the path: Using identity-based motivation to understand and reduce racial disparities in academic achievement. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 11(1):159–194.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pinto IR, Marques JM, Levine JM, Abrams D (2010) Membership status and subjective group dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect? J. Personality Soc. Psych. 99:107–119.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rees A (1966) Information networks in labor markets. Amer. Econom. Rev. 56(1/2):559–566.Google Scholar
  • Rehg MT, Miceli MP, Near JP, Van Scotter JR (2008) Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistleblowers: Gender differences and power relationships. Organ. Sci. 19(2):221–240.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Reichheld F, Teal TA (2001) The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value (Harvard Business Review, Boston).Google Scholar
  • Reno RR, Cialdini RB, Kallgren CA (1993) The transsituational influence of social norms. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 64(1):104–112.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Robin DP, Reidenbach RE, Forrest PJ (1996) The perceived importance of an ethical issue as an influence on the ethical decision-making of ad managers. J. Bus. Res. 35(1):17–28.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Royce J (1995) The Philosophy of Loyalty (Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN).Google Scholar
  • Schlachter SD, Pieper JR (2019) Employee referral hiring in organizations: An integrative conceptual review, model, and agenda for future research. J. Appl. Psych. 104(11):1325–1346.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Scott WA (1965) Values and Organizations: A Study of Fraternities and Sororities (Rand McNally, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Shaw A, DeScioli P, Barakai A, Kurzban R (2017) Whoever is not with me is against me: The costs of neutrality among friends. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 71:96–104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shweder RA, Much NC, Mahapatra M, Park L (1997) The “big three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “big three” explanations of suffering. Bandt AM, Rozin P, eds. Morality and Health (Taylor & Frances/Routledge, New York), 119–169.Google Scholar
  • Simmel G (1950) The Sociology of Georg Simmel (Simon and Schuster, New York).Google Scholar
  • Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U (2011) False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psych. Sci. 22(11):1359–1366.Google Scholar
  • Sluss DM, Ashforth BE (2007) Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Acad. Management Rev. 32(1):9–32.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Smith SS (2005) “Don’t put my name on it”: Social capital activation and job‐finding assistance among the black urban poor. Amer. J. Sociol. 111(1):1–57.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stovel K, Golub B, Milgrom EMM (2011) Stabilizing brokerage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(Suppl_4):21326–21332.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stürmer S, Snyder M, Omoto AM (2005) Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 88(3):532–546.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sumanth J, Mayer D, Kay V (2011) Why good guys finish last: The role of justification motives, cognition, and emotion in predicting retaliation against whistleblowers. Organ. Psych. Rev. 1:165–184.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Hatch MJ, Schultz MJ, eds. Organizational Identity: A Reader (Oxford University Press, New York), 56–65.Google Scholar
  • Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C (1971) Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 1(2):149–178.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tetlock PE (1983) Accountability and complexity of thought. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 45(1):74–83.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tetlock PE (1992) The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model. Adv. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 25:331–376.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Tomlinson EC, Lewicki RJ, Ash SR (2014) Disentangling the moral integrity construct: Values congruence as a moderator of the behavioral integrity–citizenship relationship. Group Organ. Management 39(6):720–743.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Travaglino GA, Abrams D, Randsley de Moura G, Marques JM, Pinto IR (2014) How groups react to disloyalty in the context of intergroup competition: Evaluations of group deserters and defectors. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 54:178–187.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Trevino LK, Victor B (1992) Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Acad. Management J. 35(1):38–64.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Treviño LK, Den Nieuwenboer NA, Kish-Gephart JJ (2014) Unethical behavior in organizations. Annual Rev. Psych. 65:635–640.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Turner JC, Sachdev I, Hogg MA (1983) Social categorization, interpersonal attraction and group formation. British J. Soc. Psych. 22(3):227–239.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • van der Velden PG, Pecoraro M, Houwerzijl MS, van der Meulen E (2019) Mental health problems among whistleblowers: A comparative study. Psych. Rep. 122(2):632–644.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Van Vugt M, Hart CM (2004) Social identity as social glue: The origins of group loyalty. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 86(4):585–598.Google Scholar
  • Vos M, Van Der Zee K (2011) Prosocial behavior in diverse workgroups: How relational identity orientation shapes cooperation and helping. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 14(3):363–379.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Waytz A, Dungan J, Young L (2013) The whistleblower’s dilemma and the fairness-loyalty tradeoff. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 49(6):1027–1033.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Weidman AC, Sowden WJ, Berg MK, Kross E (2020) Punish or protect? How close relationships shape responses to moral violations. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 46(5):693–708.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wellman N, Mayer DM, Ong M, DeRue DS (2016) When are do-gooders treated badly? Legitimate power, role expectations, and reactions to moral objection in organizations. J. Appl. Psych. 101(6):793–814.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Wells GL, Windschitl PD (1999) Stimulus sampling and social psychological experimentation. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 25(9):1115–1125.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zdaniuk B, Levine JM (2001) Group loyalty: Impact of members’ identification and contributions. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 37(6):502–509.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zhang T, Gino F, Margolis JD (2018) Does “could” lead to good? On the road to moral insight. Acad. Management J. 61(3):857–895.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zlatev JJ, Kupor DM, Laurin K, Miller DT (2019) Being “good” or “good enough”: Prosocial risk and the structure of moral self-regard. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 118(2):242–253.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.