Perspective—The Infeasibility of Invariant Laws in Management Studies: A Reflective Dialogue in Defense of Case Studies

References

• Abernathy W. J. The Productivity Dilemma: Roadblock to Innovation in the Automobile Industry (1978) (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD) Google Scholar
• Alexander J. C. , Smelser N. J. The new theoretical movement. Handbook of Sociology (1988) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) 77 101 Google Scholar
• Astley W. G. , Zammuto R. F. Organization science, managers, and language games. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3 4 443 460 Link, Google Scholar
• Bacharach S. B. Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14 4 496 515 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bhaskar R. A Realist Theory of Science (1978) 2nd ed. (Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hertfordshire, UK) Google Scholar
• Boudon R. , Silverman D. The Logic of Social Action: An Introduction to Sociological Analysis (1981) (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Boudon R. The Unintended Consequences of Social Action (1982) (Macmillan, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Boudon R. , Whitehouse J. C. Theories of Social Change: A Critical Appraisal (1986) (Polity, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Campbell D. T. , Overman E. S. ‘Degrees of freedom’ and the case study. Methodology and Epistemology for Social Science: Selected Papers (1988) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) 377 388 Google Scholar
• Cannella A. A. , Paetzold R. L. Pfeffer's barriers to the advance of organizational science: A rejoinder. Acad. Management Rev. (1994) 19 2 331 341 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davies S. , Lyons B. , Dixon H. , Geroski P. Economics of Industrial Organisation (1988) (Longman, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Donaldson Lex . In Defence of Organization Theory: A Reply to the Critics (1985) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Donaldson Lex . The weick stuff: Managing beyond games. Organ. Sci. (1992) 3 4 461 466 Link, Google Scholar
• Dubin R. , Dunnette M. D. Theory building in applied areas. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (1976) (Rand McNally College, Chicago, IL) 17 39 Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt K. M. Building theories from case study research. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14 4 532 550 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elster J. Explaining Technical Change: A Case Study in the Philosophy of Science (1983) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Elster J. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (1989) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fundenberg D. , Tirole J. Game Theory (1992) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Giddens A. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (1984) (Polity, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Giddens A. New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretative Sociology (1993) 2nd ed. (Polity, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
• Glaser B. G. , Strauss A. L. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (1967) (Aldine de Gruyter, New York) Google Scholar
• Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Amer. J. Sociology (1985) 91 3 481 510 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Habermas J. , Nicholsen S. W. , Stark J. A. On the Logic of the Social Sciences (1988) (Polity, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Hubbard R. , Armstrong J. S. Replications and extensions in marketing: Rarely published but quite contrary. Internat. J. Res. Marketing (1994) 11 3 233 248 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Itami H. , Numagami T. Dynamic interactions between strategy and technology. Strategic Management J. (1992) 13 119 135 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kagono T. Soshiki Ninshikiron: Kigyo ni okeru Souzou to Kakushin no Kenkyu (Organizational Epistemology: Studies on Creativity and Innovation in the Firm) (1988) (Chikura (in Japanese), Tokyo, Japan) Google Scholar
• Kreps D. M. Game Theory and Economic Modelling (1990) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leonard-Barton Dorothy . A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal single site with replicated multiple sites. Organ. Sci. (1990) 1 3 248 266 Link, Google Scholar
• Macdonald S. , Hellgren B. The interview in management research. British Academy of Management Conference (1996) September 1996 Birmingham, UK . Paper presented at the Google Scholar
• March J. G. , Simon H. A. Organizations (1958) (John Wiley & Sons, New York) Google Scholar
• Marsden Richard . The politics of organizational analysis. Organ. Stud. (1993) 14 1 93 124 Crossref, Google Scholar
• McClintock C. C. , Brannon D. , Maynard-Moody S. Applying the logic of sample surveys to qualitative case studies: The case cluster method. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1979) 24 December 612 629 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Merton R. K. Social Theory and Social Structure (1949) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Miles M. B. , Huberman A. M. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (1994) 2nd ed. (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA) Google Scholar
• Minzberg H. An emerging strategy of ‘direct’ research. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1979) 24 December 582 589 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Morgan G. , Smircich L. The case for qualitative research. Acad. Management Rev. (1980) 5 4 491 500 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Morgan Gareth . Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Research (1983) (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) Google Scholar
• Nonaka I. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organ. Sci. (1994) 5 1 14 37 Link, Google Scholar
• Numagami T. Flexibility trap: A case analysis of U.S. and Japanese technological choice in the digital watch industry. Res. Policy (1996) 25 133 162 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Orum A. M. , Feagin J. R. , Sjoberg G. , Feagin J. R. , Orum A. M. , Sjoberg G. Introduction: The nature of the case study. A Case for the Case Study (1991) (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC) 1 26 Google Scholar
• Pettigrew A. M. Longitudinal field research on change: Theory and practice. Organ. Sci. (1990) 1 3 267 292 Link, Google Scholar
• Pettigrew A. M. The character and significance of strategy process research. Strategic Management J. (1992) 13 5 16 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pfeffer Jeffrey . Barriers to the advance of organizational science: Paradigm development as a dependent variable. Acad. Management Rev. (1993) 18 4 599 620 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Polanyi Michael . The Tacit Dimension (1966) (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Popper K. R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959) (Hutchinson, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Ragin Charles C. Comparative Method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies (1990) (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA) Google Scholar
• Ragin Charles C. , Becker H. S. What Is a Case?: Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry (1992) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) Google Scholar
• Sayer A. Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (1984) (Routledge, London, UK) Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schön D. A. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (1983) (Basic Books, New York) Google Scholar
• Shrivastava P. , Mitroff I. , Lamb R. Frames of reference managers use: A study in applied sociology of knowledge. Advances in Strategic Management (1983) 1 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT) 161 182 Google Scholar
• Simon H. A. Administrative Behavior (1945) (Macmillan, New York) Google Scholar
• Simon H. A. The Sciences of the Artificial (1969) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) Google Scholar
• Singleton R. , Straits B. C. , Straits M. M. , McAllister R. J. Approaches to Social Research (1988) (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) Google Scholar
• Sjoberg G. , Williams N. , Vaugham T. R. , Sjoberg A. F. , Feagin J. R. , Orum A. M. , Sjoberg G. The case study approach in social research: Basic methodological issues. A Case for the Case Study (1991) (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC) 27 79 Google Scholar
• Smircich L. , Morgan G. Studying organizations as cultures. Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Research (1983) (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) 160 172 Google Scholar
• Tajima M. Kigyoron toshiteno Keieigaku (Management Theory as the Theory of the Firm) (1984) (Zeimu-Keiri-Kyokai (in Japanese), Tokyo, Japan) Google Scholar
• Thompson J. D. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory (1967) (McGraw-Hill, New York) Google Scholar
• Tsoukas H. The validity of idiographic research explanations. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14 4 551 561 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tsoukas H. , Tsoukas H. Introduction: From social engineering to reflective action in organizational behaviour. New Thinking in Organizational Behaviour: From Social Engineering to Reflective Action (1994) (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK) 1 22 Google Scholar
• Van Maanen John . Style as theory. Organ. Sci. (1995) 6 1 133 143 Link, Google Scholar
• Von Foerster H. , Ulrich H. , Probst G. J. B. Principles of self-organization: In a socio-managerial context. Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems: Insights, Promises, Doubts, and Questions (1984) (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany) 2 24 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wallace W. L. , Smelser N. J. Toward a disciplinary matrix in sociology. Handbook of Sociology (1988) (Sage, Newbury Park, CA) 23 76 Google Scholar
• Watzlawick P. , Watzlawick Paul . Self-fulfilling prophecies. The Invented Reality: How Do We Know What We Believe We Know? Contributions to Constructivism (1984) (W. W. Norton, New York) 95 116 Google Scholar
• Weber M. , Shils E. A. , Finch H. A. Critical studies in the logic of the cultural sciences. The Methodology of the Social Sciences (1949) (Free Press, New York) Google Scholar
• Weber M. , Runciman W. G. , Matthews E. The nature of social action. Max Weber: Selections in Translation (1978) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) 7 32 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. The Social Psychology of Organizing (1979) 2nd ed. (Random House, New York) Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. Theory construction as disciplined imagination. Acad. Management Rev. (1989) 14 4 516 531 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Whittington R. Environmental structure and theories of strategic choice. J. Management Stud. (1988) 25 6 521 536 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Whittington R. Corporate Strategies in Recession and Recovery: Social Structures and Strategic Choice (1989) (Unwin Hyman, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Winch P. The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy (1990) 2nd ed. (Routledge, London, UK) Google Scholar
• Yin R. K. The case study crisis: Some answers. Admin. Sci. Quart. (1981) 26 March 58 65 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yin R. K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (1984) (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) Google Scholar
• Zald M. N. Organization studies as a scientific and humanistic enterprise: Toward a reconceptualization of the foundations of the field. Organ. Sci. (1993) 4 4 513 528 Link, Google Scholar