The Effects of Investigative Sanctioning Systems on Wrongdoing, Reporting, and Helping: A Multiparty Perspective

References

• Aarts H, Dijksterhuis A (2003) The silence of the library: Environment, situational norm, and social behavior. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 84(1):18–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth B, Lange D (2016) Beware of organizational saints: How a moral self-concept may foster immoral behavior. Palmer D, Greenwood R, Smith-Crowe K, eds. Organizational Wrongdoing: Key Perspectives and New Directions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK), 305–336.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Anand V (2003) The normalization of corruption in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 25:1–52.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Atwood M (2018) Am I a bad feminist? The Globe and Mail (January 15), https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/am-i-a-bad-feminist/article37591823/.Google Scholar
• Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psych. Rev. 84(2):191–215.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bartling B, Grieder M, Zehnder C (2017) Competitive pricing reduces wasteful counterproductive behaviors. J. Public Econom. 156:34–47.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Becker GS (1968) Crime and punishment: An economic approach. J. Political Econom. 76(2):169–217.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bennett J (2017) The #MeToo movement: When the blinders come off. The New York Times (November 30), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/us/the-metoo-moment.html.Google Scholar
• Bettenhausen KL, Murnighan JK (1985) The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups. Admin. Sci. Quart. 30(3):350–372.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bettenhausen KL, Murnighan JK (1991) The development of an intragroup norm and the effects of interpersonal and structural challenges. Admin. Sci. Quart. 36(1):20–35.Google Scholar
• Bies RJ, Barclay LJ, Tripp TM, Aquino K (2016) A systems perspective on forgiveness in organizations. Acad. Management Ann. 10(1):245–318.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bowes-Sperry L, O’Leary-Kelly AM (2005) To act or not to act: The dilemma faced by sexual harassment observers. Acad. Management Rev. 30(2):288–306.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brebels L, De Cremer D, Sedikides C (2008) Retaliation as a response to procedural unfairness: A self-regulatory approach. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 9(6):1511–1525.Google Scholar
• Brockner J, Wiesenfeld B, Siegel P, Bobocel DR, Liu Z (2015) Riding the fifth wave: Organizational justice as dependent variable. Res. Organ. Behav. 35:103–121.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Camerer C (1992) The rationality of prices and volume in experimental markets. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 51(2):237–272.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Camerer C (2003) Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Cameron AC, Miller DL (2015) A practitioner’s guide to cluster-robust inference. J. Human Resources 50(2):317–372.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Campbell EQ (1964) The internalization of moral norms. Sociometry 27(4):391–412.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carlsmith KM, Darley JM, Robinson PH (2002) Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 83(2):284–299.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58(6):1015–1026.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chandler CL, Connell JP (1987) Children’s intrinsic, extrinsic and internalized motivation: A developmental study of children’s reasons for liked and disliked behaviours. British J. Developmental Psych. 5(4):357–365.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chui C (2015) Observer reactions to workplace mistreatment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.Google Scholar
• Chui C, Dietz J (2014) Observing workplace incivility toward women: The roles of target reactions, actor motives, and actor-target relationships. Sex Roles 71(1–2):95–108.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cooter R (1998) Expressive law and economics. J. Legal Stud. 27(S2):585–607.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cortina LM, Magley VJ, Williams JH, Langhout RD (2001) Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. J. Occupational Health Psych. 6(1):64–80.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cortina LM, Kabat-Farr D, Magley VJ, Nelson K (2017) Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. J. Occupational Health Psych. 22(3):299–313.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cropanzano R, Greenberg J (1997) Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. Internat. Rev. Indust. Organ. Psych. 12:317–372.Google Scholar
• DeCelles KA, Aquino K (2019) Dark knights: When and why an employee becomes a workplace vigilante. Acad. Management Rev., ePub ahead of print February 15, https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.2017.0300.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Deci E, Ryan RM (1985) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (Springer Science & Business Media, Boston).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Derfler-Rozin R, Moore C, Staats BR (2016) Reducing organizational rule breaking through task variety: How task design supports deliberative thinking. Organ. Sci. 27(6):1361–1379.Link, Google Scholar
• Desai SD, Kouchaki M (2017) Moral symbols: A necklace of garlic against unethical requests. Acad. Management J. 60(1):7–28.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dharmapala D, McAdams RH (2003) The Condorcet jury theorem and the expressive function of law: A theory of informative law. Amer. Law Econom. Rev. 5(1):1–31.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ethics and Compliance Initiative (2018) 2018 global business ethics survey. Accessed May 29, 2019, http://www.ethics.org/knowledge-center/eci-recent-research/.Google Scholar
• Ethics Resource Center (2013) National business ethics survey: Workplace ethics in transition. Accessed January 6, 2016, http://www.ethics.org/nbes/.Google Scholar
• Fama EF (1980) Agency problems and the theory of the firm. J. Political Econom. 88(2):288–307.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fehr E, Fischbacher U (2004) Social norms and human cooperation. Trends Cognitive Sci. 8(4):185–190.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fehr E, Gächter S (2002) Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature 415(6868):137–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Festinger L (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7(2):117–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fischbacher U (2007) z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments. Experiment. Econom. 10(2):171–178.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Folger R (2001) Fairness as deonance. Gilliland S, Steiner DD, Skarlicki D, eds. Research in Social Issues in Management (Information Age Publishers, New York), 3–33.Google Scholar
• Fréchette GR (2012) Session-effects in the laboratory. Experiment. Econom. 15(3):485–498.Crossref, Google Scholar
• French JR, Raven BH (1959) The bases of social power. Cartwright D, ed. Studies in Social Power (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor), 150–167.Google Scholar
• Gellerman SW (1986) Why “good” managers make bad ethical choices? Harvard Bus. Rev. 86:85–90.Google Scholar
• Gilovich T, Keltner D, Nisbett RE (2005) Social Psychology (W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York).Google Scholar
• Gino F (2015) Understanding ordinary unethical behavior: Why people who value morality act immorally. Current Opinion Behav. Sci. 3:107–111.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gino F, Ariely D (2012) The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 102(3):445–459.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gino F, Norton MI, Weber RA (2016) Motivated Bayesians: Feeling moral while acting egoistically. J. Econom. Perspect. 30(3):189–212.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Glazer E (2015) Traders’ phones are becoming a surveillance zone. Wall Street Journal (August 17), https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-traders-no-more-privacy-on-the-phone-1442168422.Google Scholar
• Gneezy U, Rustichini A (2000) A fine is a price. J. Legal Stud. 29(1):1–17.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenwald A (1980) The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. Amer. Psych. 35(7):603–618.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gundlach MJ, Douglas SC, Martinko MJ (2003) The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framework. Acad. Management Rev. 28(1):107–123.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hall RC, Hall RC (2001) False allegations: The role of the forensic psychiatrist. J. Psychiatric Practice 7(5):343–346.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hayes AF (2013) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (Guilford Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Hegarty WH, Sims HP Jr (1978) Some determinants of unethical decision behavior: An experiment. J. Appl. Psych. 63(4):451–457.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hertwig R, Ortmann A (2001) Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists? Behav. Brain Sci. 24(3):383–403.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Institute of Business Ethics (2015) Ethics at Work 2015 survey of employees: Britain. Accessed September 1, 2016, http://www.ibe.org.uk/.Google Scholar
• Jensen MC, Meckling WH (1976) Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. J. Financial Econom. 3(4):305–360.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones G (2012) Workplace investigations: Getting beyond “he said, she said.” Canadian HR Reporter (January 30), https://www.hrreporter.com/article/12201-workplace-investigations-getting-beyond-he-said-she-said/.Google Scholar
• Jones TM (1991) Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Acad. Management Rev. 16(2):366–395.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979) Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under uncertainty. Econometrica 47(2):263–291.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kennedy JA, Schweitzer ME (2018) Building trust by tearing others down: When accusing others of unethical behavior engenders trust. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 149:111–128.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kirchler M, Huber J, Stefan M, Sutter M (2015) Market design and moral behavior. Management Sci. 62(9):2615–2625.Link, Google Scholar
• Knapp DE, Faley RH, Ekeberg SE, Dubois CL (1997) Determinants of target responses to sexual harassment: A conceptual framework. Acad. Management Rev. 22(3):687–729.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leung K, Tong KK (2003) Toward a normative model of justice. Gilliland SW, Steiner DD, Skarlicki DD, eds. Emerging Perspectives on Values in Organizations (Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC), 97–120.Google Scholar
• Lewin K (1936) Principles of Topological Psychology (McGraw Hill, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Louis MR (1980) Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Admin. Sci. Quart. 25(2):226–251.Google Scholar
• Markel G, Murray H (2017) Internal investigations special committees resource. Accessed May 25, 2018, https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2017/07/06/internal-investigations-special-committees-resource/. Google Scholar
• Martin SR (2016) Stories about values and valuable stories: A field experiment of the power of narratives to shape newcomers’ actions. Acad. Management J. 59(5):1707–1724.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mažar N, Amir O, Ariely D (2008) The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. J. Marketing Res. 45(6):633–644.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McCusker C, Carnevale PJ (1995) Framing in resource dilemmas: Loss aversion and the moderating effects of sanctions. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 61(2):190–201.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mitchell MS, Vogel RM, Folger R (2015) Third parties’ reactions to the abusive supervision of coworkers. J. Appl. Psych. 100(4):1040–1055.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Moffatt PG (2015) Experimetrics: Econometrics for Experimental Economics (Palgrave Macmillan, London).Google Scholar
• Morris MW, Hong YY, Chiu CY, Liu Z (2015) Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 129:1–13.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mueller D (2017) When is a workplace investigation necessary? HR Acuity (October 3), https://www.hracuity.com/blog/when-is-a-workplace-investigation-necessary.Google Scholar
• Mulder LB, Verboon P, De Cremer D (2009) Sanctions and moral judgments: The moderating effect of sanction severity and trust in authorities. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 39(2):255–269.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Murnighan JK, Wang L (2016) The social world as an experimental game. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 136:80–94.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Murphy K (2016) No one else was there: Corroboration and Bill 132. Rubin Thomlinson LLP (November 24), https://rubinthomlinson.com/no-one-else-corroboration-bill-132/.Google Scholar
• Nagin DS, Pogarsky G (2003) An experimental investigation of deterrence: Cheating, self‐serving bias, and impulsivity. Criminology 41(1):167–194.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nelson L (2015) Rolling Stones retracts story on alleged UVA rape. Vox (April 5), https://www.vox.com/2015/4/5/8347011/uva-rolling-stone-report.Google Scholar
• O’Leary-Kelly AM, Paetzold RL, Griffin RW (2000) Sexual harassment as aggressive behavior: An actor-based perspective. Acad. Management Rev. 25(2):372–388.Crossref, Google Scholar
• O’Reilly J, Aquino K (2011) A model of third parties’ morally motivated responses to mistreatment in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 36(3):526–543.Google Scholar
• O’Reilly J, Aquino K, Skarlicki D (2016) The lives of others: Third parties’ responses to others’ injustice. J. Appl. Psych. 101(2):171–189.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pierce L, Snyder J (2008) Ethical spillovers in firms: Evidence from vehicle emissions testing. Management Sci. 54(11):1891–1903.Link, Google Scholar
• Podsakoff PM, Bommer WH, Podsakoff NP, MacKenzie SB (2006) Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and subordinate attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors: A meta-analytic review of existing and new research. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 99(2):113–142.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2008) Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 40(3):879–891.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Riger S (1991) Gender dilemmas in sexual harassment policies and procedures. Amer. Psych. 46(5):497–505.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rest JR (1986) Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger Publishers, New York).Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Deci EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Amer. Psych. 55(1):68–77.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schank RC, Abelson RP (1977) Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).Google Scholar
• Skarlicki DP, Kulik CT (2004) Third-party reactions to employee (mis) treatment: A justice perspective. Res. Organ. Behav. 26:183–229.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Skarlicki D, O’Reilly J, Kulik CT (2015) The third-party perspective of (in)justice. Cropanzano RS, Amborse M, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK), 235–256.Google Scholar
• Skinner BF (1953) Science and Human Behavior (Macmillan, New York).Google Scholar
• Slater D (2010) Internal investigations: The basics. CSO Online (January 25), https://www.csoonline.com/article/2124800/investigations-forensics/investigations-forensics-internal-investigations-the-basics.html.Google Scholar
• Stephens B (2017) When #MeToo goes too far. New York Times (December 20), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/opinion/metoo-damon-too-far.html.Google Scholar
• Smith-Crowe K, Tenbrunsel AE, Chan-Serafin S, Brief A, Umphress EE, Joseph J (2015) The ethics “fix”: When formal systems make a difference. J. Bus. Ethics 131:791–801.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tenbrunsel AE, Messick DM (1999) Sanctioning systems, decision frames, and cooperation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44(4):684–707.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tenbrunsel AE, Smith-Crowe K (2008) Ethical decision making: Where we've been and where we're going. Acad. Management Ann. 2(1):545–607.Google Scholar
• Tenbrunsel AE, Smith-Crowe K, Umphress EE (2003) Building houses on rocks: The role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations. Soc. Justice Res. 16(3):285–307.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Treviño LK (1986) Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Acad. Management Rev. 11(3):601–617.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Treviño LK, Weaver GR (2001) Organizational justice and ethics program follow-through: Influences on employees’ harmful and helpful behavior. Bus. Ethics Quart. 11(4):651–671.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Treviño LK, den Nieuwenboer NA, Kish-Gephart JJ (2014) (Un)ethical behavior in organizations. Annual Rev. Psych. 65:635–660.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tripp TM, Bies RJ, Aquino K (2007) A vigilante model of justice: Revenge, reconciliation, forgiveness, and avoidance. Soc. Justice Res. 20(1):10–34.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Turillo CJ, Folger R, Lavelle JJ, Umphress EE, Gee JO (2002) Is virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 89(1):839–865.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Kahneman D (1992) Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. J. Risk Uncertainty 5(4):297–323.Crossref, Google Scholar
• United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Accessed February 28, 2018, http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/.Google Scholar
• Valkanas G, Ipeirotis P, Provost F, Attenberg J, Chin J, Hendahewa C, Stanway A, Suryanto B, Swamy BV (2018) Detecting employee misconduct and malfeasance. 2018 ACM Internat. Conf. Web Search Data Mining, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
• Van Maanen J, Schein EH (1979) Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Staw BM, ed. Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 1 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 209–264.Google Scholar
• Warren DE, Smith-Crowe K (2008) Deciding what’s right: The role of external sanctions and embarrassment in shaping moral judgments in the workplace. Res. Organ. Behav. 28:81–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weingast BR (1997) The political foundations of democracy and the rule of the law. Amer. Political Sci. Rev. 91(2):245–263.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Yamagishi T (1986) The provision of a sanctioning system as a public good. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 51(1):110–116.Crossref, Google Scholar