Attention to Exploration: The Effect of Academic Entrepreneurship on the Production of Scientific Knowledge

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1455

References

  • Abramo G, D’Angelo CA, Ferretti M, Parmentola A (2012) An individual‐level assessment of the relationship between spin‐off activities and research performance in universities. R & D Management 42(3):225–242.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Agrawal A (2006) Engaging the inventor: Exploring licensing strategies for university inventions and the role of latent knowledge. Strategic Management J. 27(1):63–79.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Agrawal A, Henderson RM (2002) Putting patents in context: Exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Management Sci. 48(1):44–60.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Agarwal R, Shah SK (2014) Knowledge sources of entrepreneurship: Firm formation by academic, user and employee innovators. Res. Policy 43(7):1109–1133.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ahmadpoor M, Jones BF (2017) The dual frontier: Patented inventions and prior scientific advance. Sci. 357(6351):583–587.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ahuja G, Lampert CM (2001) Entrepreneurship in the large corporation: A longitudinal study of how established firms create breakthrough inventions. Strategic Management J. 22(6–7):521–543.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Ai C, Norton EC (2003) Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Econom. Lett. 80(1):123–129.Google Scholar
  • Amabile TM (1983) The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. J. Personality Soc. Pysch. 45(2):357–376.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Amabile TM (1988) A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 10:123–167.Google Scholar
  • Audia PG, Goncalo JA (2007) Past success and creativity over time: A study of inventors in the hard disk drive industry. Management Sci. 53(1):1–15.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Audretsch DB, Stephan PE (1999) Knowledge spillovers in biotechnology: Sources and incentives. J. Evolutionary Econom. 9(1):97–107.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Azoulay P, Ding W, Stuart T (2009) The impact of academic patenting on the rate, quality, and direction of (public) research output. J. Indust. Econom. 57(4):637–676.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Azoulay P, Graff Zivin JS, Manso G (2011) Incentives and creativity: Evidence from the academic life sciences. RAND J. Econom. 42(3):527–554.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Azoulay P, Stuart T, Wang Y (2014) Matthew: Effect or fable? Management Sci. 60(1):92–109.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Azoulay P, Graff Zivin JS, Li D, Sampat BN (2019) Public R&D investments and private-sector patenting: Evidence from NIH funding rules. Rev. Econom. Stud. 86(1):117–152.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Baldi S (1998) Normative vs. social constructivist processes in the allocation of citations: A network-analytic model. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 63(6):829–846.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Banal-Estanol A, Jofre-Bonet M, Lawson C (2015) The double-edged sword of industry collaboration: Evidence from engineering academics in the UK. Res. Policy 44(6):1160–1175.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personality Soc. Pysch. 51(6):1173–1182.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bercovitz J, Feldman M (2008) Academic entrepreneurs: Organizational change at the individual level. Organ. Sci. 19(1):69–89.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Bikard M (2018) Made in academia: The effect of institutional origin on inventors’ attention to science. Organ. Sci. 29(5):818–836.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Bikard M, Marx M (2020) Bridging academia and industry: How geographic hubs connect university science and corporate technology. Management Sci. 66(8):3425–3443.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Bikard M, Vakili K, Teodoridis F (2019) When collaboration bridges institutions: The impact of university–industry collaboration on academic productivity. Organ. Sci. 30(2):426–445.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Blattberg RC, Kim B-D, Neslin SA (2008) Why database marketing? Blattberg RC, Kim B-D, Neslin SA, eds. Database Marketing (Springer, New York), 13–46.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bornmann L, Daniel HD (2008) What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior. J. Documentation 64(1):45–80.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Bowen HP (2010) Total, structural and secondary moderating effects in the Tobit model and their computation using Stata. Discussion paper, McColl School of Business, Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.Google Scholar
  • Bowen HP (2012) Testing moderating hypotheses in limited dependent variable and other nonlinear models: Secondary vs. total interactions. J. Management 38(3):860–889.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Breschi S, Lissoni F, Montobbio F (2007) The scientific productivity of academic inventors: New evidence from Italian data. Econom. Innovation New Tech. 16(2):101–118.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Buenstorf G (2009) Is academic entrepreneurship good or bad for science? Individual-level evidence from the Max Planck Society. Res. Policy 38(2):281–292.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Chai S (2017) Near misses in the breakthrough discovery process. Organ. Sci. 28(3):411–428.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Cirillo B, Brusoni S, Valentini G (2014) The rejuvenation of inventors through corporate spinouts. Organ. Sci. 25(6):1764–1784.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Cohen WM, Levinthal DA (1990) Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 35(1):128–152.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Cohen WM, Nelson RR, Walsh JP (2002) Links and impacts: The influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Sci. 48(1):1–23.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Colombo MG, Giannangeli S, Grilli L (2013) Public subsidies and the employment growth of high-tech start-ups: Assessing the impact of selective and automatic support schemes. Indust. Corporate Change 22(5):1273–1314.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Conti R, Gambardella A, Mariani M (2013) Learning to be Edison: Inventors, organizations, and breakthrough inventions. Organ. Sci. 25(3):833–849.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Creswell JW (2014) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Sage, London).Google Scholar
  • Dahl M, Reichstein T (2007) Are you experienced? Prior experience and the survival of new organizations. Indust. Innovation 14(5):497–511.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dahlander L, O’Mahony S, Gann DM (2016) One foot in, one foot out: How does individuals’ external search breadth affect innovation outcomes? Strategic Management J. 37(2):280–302.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Dasgupta P, David PA (1994) Toward a new economics of science. Res. Policy 23(5):487–521.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • D’Este P, Perkmann M (2011) Why do academics engage with industry? The entrepreneurial university and individual motivations. J. Tech. Transfer 36(3):316–339.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Evans JA (2010) Industry induces academic science to know less about more. Amer. J. Sociol. 116(2):389–452.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fewell Z, Hernán MA, Wolfe F, Tilling K, Choi H, Sterne JA (2004) Controlling for time-dependent confounding using marginal structural models. Stata J. 4(4):402–420.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fini R, Grimaldi R, Sobrero M (2009) Factors fostering academics to start up new ventures: An assessment of Italian founders’ incentives. J. Tech. Transfer 34(4):380–402.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fini R, Jourdan J, Perkmann M (2018) Social valuation across multiple audiences: The interplay between ability and identity judgements. Acad. Management J. 61(6):2230–2264.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fini R, Lacetera N, Shane S (2010) Inside or outside the IP system? Business creation in academia. Res. Policy 39(8):1060–1069.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Fleming L (2001) Recombinant uncertainty in technological search. Management Sci. 47(1):117–132.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Folta TB, Delmar F, Wennberg K (2010) Hybrid entrepreneurship. Management Sci. 56(2):253–269.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Foster JG, Rzhetsky A, Evans JA (2015) Tradition and innovation in scientists’ research strategies. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 80(5):875–908.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Freedman LP, Cockburn IM, Simcoe TS (2015) The economics of reproducibility in preclinical research. PLoS Biology 13(6):e1002165.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Gambardella A, Ganco M, Honoré F (2014) Using what you know: Patented knowledge in incumbent firms and employee entrepreneurship. Organ. Sci. 26(2):456–474.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Gibbons M, Limoges C, Nowotny H, Schwartzman S, Scott P, Trow M (1994) The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies (Sage Publications, London).Google Scholar
  • Gittelman M, Kogut B (2003) Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Sci. 49(4):366–382.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Goel RK, Grimpe C (2012) Are all academic entrepreneurs created alike? Evidence from Germany. Econom. Innovation New Tech. 21(3):247–266.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Goldfarb B (2008) The effect of government contracting on academic research: Does the source of funding affect scientific output? Res. Policy 37(1):41–58.Google Scholar
  • Groysberg B, Lee L-E (2009) Hiring stars and their colleagues: Exploration and exploitation in professional service firms. Organ. Sci. 20(4):740–758.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Gruber M, Harhoff D, Hoisl K (2013) Knowledge recombination across technological boundaries: Scientists vs. engineers. Management Sci. 59(4):837–851.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Gulbrandsen M, Smeby JC (2005) Industry funding and university professors’ research performance. Res. Policy 34(6):932–950.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hamilton KS (2003) Subfield and level of classification of journals. CHI Research No. 2012-R, Haddon Heights, NJ.Google Scholar
  • Hayter CS (2015) Public or private entrepreneurship? Revisiting motivations and definitions of success among academic entrepreneurs. J. Tech. Transfer 40(6):1003–1015.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Heckman JJ (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47(1):153–161.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hicks R, Tingley D (2011) Causal mediation analysis. Stata J. 11(4):605–619.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hmieleski KM, Powell EE (2018) The psychological foundations of university science commercialization: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Acad. Management Perspect. 32(1):43–77.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Huang K, Murray F (2009) Does patent strategy shape the long-run supply of public knowledge? Evidence from human genetics. Acad. Management J. 52(6):1193–1221.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Hughes SS (2001) Making dollars out of DNA: The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974–1980. Isis 92(3):541–575.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Jaffe AB (1989) Real effects of academic research. Amer. Econom. Rev. 79(5):957–970.Google Scholar
  • Jain S, George G, Maltarich M (2009) Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity. Res. Policy 38(6):922–935.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kacperczyk AJ (2012) Opportunity structures in established firms: Entrepreneurship vs. intrapreneurship in mutual funds. Admin. Sci. Quart. 57(3):484–521.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kacperczyk AJ (2013) Social influence and entrepreneurship: The effect of university peers on entrepreneurial entry. Organ. Sci. 24(3):664–683.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Katila R, Ahuja G (2002) Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Acad. Management J. 45(6):1183–1194.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Klein JT (1990) Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI).Google Scholar
  • Kneeland MK, Schilling MA, Aharonson BS (2020) Exploring uncharted territory: Knowledge search processes in the origination of outlier innovation. Organ. Sci. 31(3):535–557.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Koestler A (1964) The Act of Creation (Arkana, London).Google Scholar
  • Kotha R, George G, Srikanth K (2013) Bridging the mutual knowledge gap: Coordination and the commercialization of university science. Acad. Management J. 56(2):498–524.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Kuhn TS (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Lacetera N (2009) Academic entrepreneurship. Managerial Decision Econom. 30(7):443–464.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lavie D, Drori I (2012) Collaborating for knowledge creation and application: The case of nanotechnology research programs. Organ. Sci. 23(3):704–724.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Leahey E, Beckman CM, Stanko TL (2017) Prominent but less productive: The impact of interdisciplinarity on scientists’ research. Admin. Sci. Quart. 62(1):105–139.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lee S, Meyer-Doyle P (2017) How performance incentives shape individual exploration and exploitation: Evidence from microdata. Organ. Sci. 28(1):19–38.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Levin RC, Klevorick AK, Nelson RR, Winter SG (1987) Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development. Brookings Papers Econom. Activity 1987(3):783–820.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Levinthal DA, March JG (1993) The myopia of learning. Strategic Management J. 14:95–112.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Li Q, Maggitti PG, Smith KG, Tesluk PE, Katila R (2013) Top management attention to innovation: The role of search selection and intensity in new product introductions. Acad. Management J. 56(3):893–916.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lifshitz-Assaf H (2018) Dismantling knowledge boundaries at NASA: The critical role of professional identity in open innovation. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(4):746–782.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Louis KS, Jones LM, Anderson MS, Blumenthal D, Campbell EG (2001) Entrepreneurship, secrecy, and productivity: A comparison of clinical and non-clinical life sciences faculty. J. Tech. Transfer 26(3):233–245.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Lowe R, Gonzalez-Brambila C (2007) Faculty entrepreneurs and research productivity. J. Tech. Transfer 32(3):173–194.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Maggitti PG, Smith KG, Katila R (2013) The complex search process of invention. Res. Policy 42(1):90–100.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Maine E, Thomas V (2017) Raising financing through strategic timing. Nature Nanotech. 12(2):93–98.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. 2(1):71–87.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • March JG, Shapira Z (1992) Variable risk preferences and the focus of attention. Psych. Rev. 99(1):172–183.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • March JG, Simon HA (1958) Organizations (Wiley, New York).Google Scholar
  • Marx M, Fuegi A (2020) Reliance on science: Worldwide front‐page patent citations to scientific articles. Strategic Management J. 41(9):1572–1594.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • McFadyen MA, Cannella AA (2005) Knowledge creation and the location of university research scientists’ interpersonal exchange relations: Within and beyond the university. Strategic Organ. 3(2):131–155.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Merton RK (1973) The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Google Scholar
  • Meyer M (2003) Academic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial academics? Research-based ventures and public support mechanisms. R & D Management 33(2):107–115.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Murray F (2002) Innovation as co-evolution of scientific and technological networks: Exploring tissue engineering. Res. Policy 31(8, 9):1389–1403.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Murray F, Tripsas M (2004) The exploratory processes of entrepreneurial firms: The role of purposeful experimentation. Adv. Strat. Management 21:45–75.Google Scholar
  • Nagle F, Teodoridis F (2020) Jack of all trades and master of knowledge: The role of diversification in new distant knowledge integration. Strategic Management J. 41(1):55–85.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nelson RR (2004) The market economy, and the scientific commons. Res. Policy 33(3):455–471.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Nicolaou N, Birley S (2003) Social networks in organizational emergence: The university spinout phenomenon. Management Sci. 49(12):1702–1725.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Ocasio W (1997) Toward an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management J. 18(S1):187–206.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • O’Gorman C, Byrne O, Pandya D (2008) How scientists commercialise new knowledge via entrepreneurship. J. Tech. Transfer 33(1):23–43.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Owen-Smith J (2003) From separate systems to a hybrid order: Accumulative advantage across public and private science at Research One universities. Res. Policy 32(6):1081–1104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Owen-Smith J, Powell WW (2004) Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organ. Sci. 15(1):5–21.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Perkmann M, Walsh K (2009) The two faces of collaboration: Impacts of university-industry relations on public research. Indust. Corporate Change 18(6):1033–1065.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Perkmann M, McKelvey M, Phillips N (2019) Protecting scientists from Gordon Gekko: How organizations use hybrid spaces to engage with multiple institutional logics. Organ. Sci. 30(2):298–318.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Perkmann M, Salandra R, Tartari V, McKelvey M, Hughes A (2021) Academic engagement: A review of the literature 2011–2019. Res. Policy 50(1):104114.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Perkmann M, Tartari V, McKelvey M, Autio E, Broström A, D’Este P, Fini R, et al.. (2013) Academic engagement and commercialization: A review of the literature on university-industry relations. Res. Policy 42(2):423–442.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pfeffer J, Langton N (1993) The effect of wage dispersion on satisfaction, productivity, and working collaboratively: Evidence from college and university faculty. Admin. Sci. Quart. 38(3):382–407.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Pisano GP (1996) Learning-before-doing in the development of new process technology. Res. Policy 25(7):1097–1119.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Polanyi M (2000) The republic of science: Its political and economic theory. Minerva 38:1–32.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Polidoro F (2013) The competitive implications of certifications: The effects of scientific and regulatory certifications on entries into new technical fields. Acad. Management J. 56(2):597–627.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Polidoro F Jr, Theeke M (2012) Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms’ scientific publications. Organ. Sci. 23(4):1135–1153.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Powell WW, Sandholtz KW (2012) Amphibious entrepreneurs and the emergence of organizational forms. Strategic Entrepreneurship J. 6(2):94–115.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav. Res. Methods Instruments Comput. 36(4):717–731.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Prokesch S (2017) The Edison of medicine. Harvard Bus. Rev. (March–April):134–143.Google Scholar
  • Raffiee J, Feng J (2014) Should I quit my day job? A hybrid path to entrepreneurship. Acad. Management J. 57(4):936–963.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Reschke BP, Azoulay P, Stuart TE (2018) Status spillovers: The effect of status-conferring prizes on the allocation of attention. Admin. Sci. Quart. 63(4):819–847.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Robins JM, Finkelstein DM (2000) Correcting for noncompliance and dependent censoring in an AIDS clinical trial with inverse probability of censoring weighted (IPCW) log‐rank tests. Biometrics 56(3):779–788.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rosenberg N (1982) Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
  • Rosenberg N (1994) Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rosenberg N (1998) Uncertainty and technological change. Neef D, Siesfeld GA, Cefola J, eds. The Economic Impact of Knowledge (Butterworth Heinemann, Boston), 17–34.Google Scholar
  • Rosenkopf L, Nerkar A (2001) Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management J. 22(4):287–306.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Rothaermel FT, Deeds DL (2004) Exploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: A system of new product development. Strategic Management J. 25(3):201–221.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Sauermann H, Stephan P (2013) Conflicting logics? A multidimensional view of industrial and academic science. Organ. Sci. 24(3):889–909.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Schilling MA, Green E (2011) Recombinant search and breakthrough idea generation: An analysis of high impact papers in the social sciences. Res. Policy 40(10):1321–1331.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Schumpeter JA (1934) The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
  • Shane S (2001) Technological opportunities and new firm creation. Management Sci. 47(2):205–220.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Shane SA (2004) Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Shichijo N, Sedita SR, Baba Y (2015) How does the entrepreneurial orientation of scientists affect their scientific performance? Evidence from the quadrant model. Tech. Anal. Strategic Management 27(9):999–1013.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Simcoe TS, Waguespack DM (2011) Status, quality, and attention: What’s in a (missing) name? Management Sci. 57(2):274–290.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Slavova K, Fosfuri A, De Castro JO (2016) Learning by hiring: The effects of scientists’ inbound mobility on research performance in academia. Organ. Sci. 27(1):72–89.AbstractGoogle Scholar
  • Sohn E (2020) How local industry R&D shapes academic research: Evidence from the agricultural biotechnology revolution. Organ. Sci., ePub ahead of print December 7, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1407.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Sørensen JB, Fassiotto MA (2011) Organizations as fonts of entrepreneurship. Organ. Sci. 22(5):1322–1331.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Stephan PE, Gurmu S, Sumell AJ, Black G (2007) Who’s patenting in the university? Evidence from the survey of doctorate recipients. Econom. Innovation New Tech. 16(2):71–99.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Stern S (2004) Do scientists pay to be scientists? Management Sci. 50(6):835–853.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Stokes DE (1997) Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
  • Stuart TE, Ding WW (2006) When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences. Amer. J. Sociol. 112(1):97–144.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Thursby M, Thursby J, Gupta-Mukherjee S (2007) Are there real effects of licensing on academic research? A life cycle view. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 63(4):577–598.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Toole AA, Czarnitzki D (2010) Commercializing science: Is there a university “brain drain” from academic entrepreneurship? Management Sci. 56(9):1599–1614.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Uzzi B, Mukherjee S, Stringer M, Jones B (2013) Atypical combinations and scientific impact. Sci. 342(6157):468–472.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Van Maanen JE, Schein EH (1977) Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Staw BM, ed. Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 1 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 209–264.Google Scholar
  • Vanaelst I, Clarysse B, Wright M, Lockett A, Moray N, S'Jegers R (2006) Entrepreneurial team development in academic spinouts: An examination of team heterogeneity. Entrepreneurial Theory Practice 30(2):249–271.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Whitley R (2000) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
  • Winter SG, Cattani G, Dorsch A (2007) The value of moderate obsession: Insights from a new model of organizational search. Organ. Sci. 18(3):403–419.LinkGoogle Scholar
  • Zucker LG, Darby MR (1996) Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93(23):12709–12716.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • Zucker LG, Darby MR (1997) Individual action and the demand for institutions: Star scientists and institutional transformation. Amer. Behav. Scientist 40(4):502–513.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
INFORMS site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Some are essential to make our site work; Others help us improve the user experience. By using this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. Please read our Privacy Statement to learn more.