The Career Consequences of Workplace Protest Participation: Theory and Evidence from the NFL “Take a Knee” Movement

References

• Acker J (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender Soc. 4(2):139–158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Amiel S (2021) Resist, resign and playing for time: French health workers bid to avoid compulsory COVID vaccination. Euro News Online (August 8), https://www.euronews.com/2021/08/11/resist-resign-and-play-for-time-french-health-workers-bid-to-avoid-compulsory-covid-vaccin.Google Scholar
• Banaszak LA (2010) The Women’s Movement Inside and Outside the State (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
• Baron JN (2004) Employing identities in organizational ecology. Indust. Corporate Change 13(1):3–32.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bennett RJ, Robinson SL (2000) Development of a measure of workplace deviance. J. Appl. Psych. 85(3):349–360.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bermiss YS, McDonald R (2018) Ideological misfit? Political affiliation and employee departure in the private-equity industry. Acad. Management J. 61(6):2182–2209.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bidwell M, Briscoe F (2010) The dynamics of interorganizational careers. Organ. Sci. 21(5):1034–1053.Link, Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy M (2003) Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy M (2009) Work without end? Scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers. Work Occupations 36(4):279–317.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bond BM, Poskanzer E (2023) Striking out swinging: Specialist success following forced task inferiority. Organ. Sci. Forthcoming.Link, Google Scholar
• Briscoe F, Gupta A (2016) Social activism in and around organizations. Acad. Management Ann. 10(1):671–727.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Briscoe F, Gupta A (2021) Business disruption from the inside out. Stanford Soc. Innovation Rev. 19(1):48–54.Google Scholar
• Briscoe F, Safford S (2008) The Nixon-in-China effect: Activism, imitation and the institutionalization of contentious practices. Admin. Sci. Quart. 53(3):460–491.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Briscoe F, Chin MK, Hambrick DC (2014) CEO ideology as an element of the corporate opportunity structure for social activists. Acad. Management J. 57(6):1786–1809.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buchter L (2021) Escaping the ellipsis of diversity: Insider activists’ use of implementation resources to influence organization policy. Admin. Sci. Quart. 66(2):521–565.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cabeza MF, Johnson JB, Tyner LJ (2011) Glass ceiling and maternity leave as important contributors to the gender wage gap. Southern J. Bus. Ethics 3:73–85.Google Scholar
• Caleo S, Heilman ME (2013) Gender stereotypes and their implications for women’s career progress. Vinnicombe S, Burke RJ, Blake-Beard S, Moore LL, eds. Handbook of Research on Promoting Women’s Careers (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Northampton, MA), 143–161.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Castilla EJ, Benard S (2010) The paradox of meritocracy in organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(4):543–576.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chatterjee A, Hambrick DC (2007) It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(3):351–386.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Chin MK, Hambrick DC, Trevino LK (2013) Political ideologies of CEOs: The influence of executives’ values on corporate social responsibility. Admin. Sci. Quart. 58(2):197–232.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Christopherson C (2020) The art of NFL contracts part 5: How it all fits together. Sports Illustrated Online (June 12), https://www.si.com/nfl/chiefs/gm-report/the-art-of-nfl-contracts-part-5.Google Scholar
• Cobb JA (2019) Managing the conflicting interests of workers and shareholders: Evidence from pension-assumption manipulations. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 72(3):523–551.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Coltrane S, Miller EC, DeHaan T, Stewart L (2013) Fathers and the flexibility stigma. J. Soc. Issues 69(2):279–302.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Correll SJ, Benard S, Paik I (2007) Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? Amer. J. Sociol. 112(5):1297–1339.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Creed WED, Scully MA (2000) Songs of ourselves: Employees’ deployment of social identity in workplace encounters. J. Management Inquiry 9(4):391–412.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Davies AR, Frink BD (2014) The origins of the ideal worker: The separation of work and home in the United States from the market revolution to 1950. Work Occupations 41(1):18–39.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeCelles K, Sonenshein S, King BG (2020) Examining anger’s immobilizing effect on institutional insiders’ action intentions in social movements. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(4):847–886.Crossref, Google Scholar
• DeJordy R, Scully M, Ventresca MJ, Creed WD (2020) Inhabited ecosystems: Propelling transformative social change between and through organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(4):931–971.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Diamantopoulos A, Winklhofer HM (2001) Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. J. Marketing Res. 38(2):269–277.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Drury J, Reicher S (1999) The intergroup dynamics of collective empowerment: Substantiating the social identity model of crowd behavior. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 2(4):381–402.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dumas TL, Sanchez-Burks J (2015) The professional, the personal, and the ideal worker: Pressures and objectives shaping the boundary between life domains. Acad. Management Ann. 9(1):803–843.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ely RJ, Meyerson DE (2000) Theories of gender in organizations: A new approach to organizational analysis and change. Res. Organ. Behav. 22:103–151.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Fendrich J, Tarleau A (1973) Marching to a different drummer: Occupational and political correlates of former student activists. Soc. Forces 52(2):245–253.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Freeman R, Medoff J (1984) What Do Unions Do? (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Friedman RA, Craig KM (2004) Predicting joining and participating in minority employee network groups. Indust. Relations 43(4):793–816.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gamson WA (1975) The Strategy of Social Protest (Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL).Google Scholar
• Gioia DA, Schultz M, Corley KG (2000) Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. Acad. Management Rev. 25(1):63–81.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Briscoe FS, Hambrick DC (2017) Red, blue and purple firms: Organizational political ideology and corporate social responsibility. Strategic Management J. 38(5):1018–1040.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gurr TR (1970) Why Men Rebel (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Hambrick DC, Wowak A (2021) CEO sociopolitical activism: A stakeholder alignment model. Acad. Management Rev. 46(1):33–59.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Investing Answers Expert (2021) Making sense of the NFL’s million dollar salaries. Investing Answers. Accessed July 2021, https://investinganswers.com/articles/making-sense-nfls-million-dollar-salaries.Google Scholar
• Jovanovic B (1979) Job matching and the theory of turnover. J. Political Econom. 87(5):972–990.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Judiesch MK, Lyness KS (1999) Left behind? The impact of leaves of absence on managers’ career success. Acad. Management J. 42(6):641–651.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC (2011) Challenging Operations: Medical Reform and Resistance in Surgery (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kellogg KC (2012) Making the cut: Using status-based countertactics to block social movement implementation and microinstitutional change in surgery. Organ. Sci. 23(6):1546–1570.Link, Google Scholar
• King B (2008) A social movement perspective of stakeholder collective action and influence. Bus. Soc. 47(1):21–49.Crossref, Google Scholar
• King B, Pearce NA (2010) The contentiousness of markets: Politics, social movements, and institutional change in markets. Annual Rev. Sociol. 36(1):249–267.Crossref, Google Scholar
• King B, Soule S (2007) Social movements as extra-institutional entrepreneurs: The effect of protests on stock price returns. Admin. Sci. Quart. 52(3):413–442.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klandermans B (1997) The Social Psychology of Protest (Blackwell, Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
• Kmec JA, O’Connor LT, Schieman S (2014) Not ideal: The association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment. Work Occupations 41(1):63–85.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kochan TA, Katz HC, McKersie RB (1986) The Transformation of American Industrial Relations (Basic Books, New York).Google Scholar
• Kristof-Brown AL, Zimmerman RD, Johnson EC (2005) Consequences of individuals’ fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psych. 58(2):281–342.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Zaheer A (2022) Network stability: The role of geography and brokerage structure inequity. Organ. Sci. 65(4):1139–1168.Google Scholar
• Lammers CJ (1969) Strikes and mutinies: A comparative study of organizational conflicts between rulers and ruled. Admin. Sci. Quart. 14(4):558–572.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leung MD (2014) Dilettante or renaissance person? How the order of job experiences affects hiring in an external labor market. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 79(1):136–158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lind EA, Tyler TR (1988) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice (Plenum, New York).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lounsbury M (2001) Institutional sources of practice variation: Staffing college and university recycling programs. Admin. Sci. Quart. 46(1):29–56.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ma A (2020) ‘Social movements are contagious’: Protests within Mass. companies are part of a growing trend. WBUR News. Accessed July 2021, https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/08/04/company-protests-black-lives-matter-whole-foods.Google Scholar
• Mabud R (2019) Two lessons from the Wayfair walkout. Forbes Online (July 12), https://www.forbes.com/sites/rakeenmabud/2019/07/12/two-lessons-from-the-wayfair-walkout/?sh=53bd047a3a88.Google Scholar
• Marwell G, Aiken M, Demerath N (1987) The persistence of political attitudes among 1960s civil rights activists. Public Opinion Quart. 51(3):359–375.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McAdam D (1986) Recruitment to high-risk activism: The case of freedom summer. Amer. J. Sociol. 92(1):64–90.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McAdam D (1988) Freedom Summer (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• McAdam D (1989) The biographical consequences of activism. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 54(5):744–760.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McCarthy JD, Zald MN (1977) Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. Amer. J. Sociol. 82(6):1212–1241.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonald ML, Westphal JD, Graebner ME (2008) What do they know? The effects of outside director acquisition experience on firm acquisition performance. Strategic Management J. 29(11):1155–1177.Crossref, Google Scholar
• McDonnell MH, Cobb JA (2020) Take a stand or keep your seat: Board turnover after social movement boycotts. Acad. Management J. 63(4):1028–1053.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mental Floss (2016) 11 things you might not know about athlete salaries. Mental Floss. Accessed July 2021, https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/84792/11-things-you-might-not-know-about-athlete-salaries.Google Scholar
• Merluzzi J, Phillips DJ (2016) The specialist discount: Negative returns for MBAs with focused profiles in investment banking. Admin. Sci. Quart. 61(1):87–124.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meyerson DE, Scully MA (1995) Crossroads tempered radicalism and the politics of ambivalence and change. Organ. Sci. 6(5):585–600.Link, Google Scholar
• National Football League (2016) Personal conduct policies for players. Accessed July 2021, https://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/photo/2017/08/11/0ap3000000828506.pdf.Google Scholar
• Ng TWH, Eby LT, Sorensen KL, Feldman DC (2005) Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psych. 58(2):367–408.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Oh I-S, Han JH, Holtz B, Kim YJ, Kim S (2018) Do birds of a feather flock, fly, and continue to fly together? The differential and cumulative effects of attraction, selection, and attrition on personality-based within-organization homogeneity and between-organization heterogeneity progression over time. J. Organ. Behav. 39(1):1347–1366.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Osterman P (2006) Community organizing and employee representation. British J. Indust. Relations 44(4):629–649.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Pedulla DS (2020) Making the Cut: Hiring Decisions, Bias, and the Consequences of Nonstandard, Mismatched, and Precarious Employment (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Perry MJ (2009) Rising income inequality and the NFL. American Enterprise Institute. Accessed July 2021, https://www.aei.org/economics/rising-income-inequality-and-the-nfl/.Google Scholar
• Petersen T, Saporta I (2004) The opportunity structure for discrimination. Amer. J. Sociol. 109(4):852–902.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Piderit SK, Ashford SJ (2003) Breaking silence: Tactical choices women managers make in speaking up about gender-equity issues. J. Management Stud. 40(6):1477–1502.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Piercy NF, Lane N (2009) Corporate social responsibility: Impacts on strategic marketing and customer value. Marketing Rev. 9(4):335–360.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Raeburn NC (2004) Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).Google Scholar
• Reicher SD (1996) “The battle of Westminster”: Developing the social identity model of crowd behavior in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict. Eur. J. Soc. Psych. 26(1):115–134.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rheinhardt A, Briscoe F, Joshi A (2023) Organization-as-platform activism: Theory and evidence from the National Football League “take a knee” movement. Admin. Sci. Quart. 68(2):395–428.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rivera LA, Tilcsik A (2016) Class advantage, commitment penalty: The gendered effect of social class signals in an elite labor market. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 81(6):1097–1131.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Robinson SL, Bennett RJ (1995) A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Acad. Management J. 38(2):555–572.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Robinson SL, Greenberg J (1998) Employees behaving badly: Dimensions, determinants and dilemmas in the study of workplace deviance. Cooper CL, Rousseau DM, eds. Trends in Organizational Behavior, vol. 5 (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York), 1–30.Google Scholar
• Rogan M (2014) Too close for comfort? The effect of embeddedness and competitive overlap on client relationship retention following an acquisition. Organ. Sci. 25(1):185–203.Link, Google Scholar
• Rojas F (2006) Social movement tactics, organizational change and the spread of African-American studies. Soc. Forces 84(4):2147–2166.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Burks J, Lee F (2007) Cultural psychology of workways. Kitayama S, Cohen D, eds. Handbook of Cultural Psychology (Guilford Press, New York), 346–369.Google Scholar
• Schneider B (1987) The people make the place. Personnel Psych. 40:437–453.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sherkat D, Blocker TJ (1997) Explaining the political and personal consequences of protest. Soc. Forces 75(3):1049–1070.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Soderstrom S, Weber K (2020) Organizational structure from interaction: Evidence from corporate sustainability efforts. Admin. Sci. Quart. 65(1):226–271.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sonnemaker T (2020) USA: Amazon may have violated labor laws by firing worker involved in protest, New York attorney general says; incl. company response. Bus. Insider. Accessed July 2021, https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-may-violated-labor-law-firing-worker-new-york-attorney-2020-4.Google Scholar
• Soule S (2012) Social movements and markets, industries, and firms. Organ. Stud. 33(12):1715–1733.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Spreitzer GM, Sonenshein S (2003) Positive deviance and extraordinary organizing. Cameron K, Dutton J, Quinn R, eds. Positive Organizational Scholarship (Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco), 207–224.Google Scholar
• Spreitzer GM, Sonenshein S (2004) Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. Amer. Behav. Sci. 47(6):828–847.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stout L (2012) The Shareholder Value Myth: How Putting Shareholders First Harms Investors, Corporations, and the Public (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco).Google Scholar
• Taylor V, Raeburn NC (1995) Identity politics as high-risk activism: Career consequences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual sociologists. Soc. Problems 42(2):252–273.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tetlock PE (2000) Cognitive biases and organizational correctives: Do both disease and cure depend on the politics of the beholder? Admin. Sci. Quart. 45(2):293–326.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Uhlmann EL, Heaphy E, Ashford SJ, Zhu L, Sanchez-Burks J (2013) Acting professional: An exploration of culturally bounded norms against nonwork role referencing. J. Organ. Behav. 34(6):866–886.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vadera AK, Pratt MG, Mishra P (2013) Constructive deviance in organizations: Integrating and moving forward. J. Management 39(5):1221–1276.Crossref, Google Scholar
• van Stekelenburg J (2013) The political psychology of protest: Sacrificing for a cause. Eur. Psych. 18(4):224–234.Google Scholar
• van Stekelenburg J, Klandermans B (2013) Social movements and the dynamics of collective action. Huddy L, Sears DO, Levy JS, eds. Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK), 774–811.Google Scholar
• Vasi IB, Walker ET, Johnson JS, Tan HF (2015) “No fracking way!” Documentary film, discursive opportunity, and local opposition against hydraulic fracturing in the United States, 2010 to 2013. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 80(5):934–959.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Vestergren S, Drury J, Chiriac EH (2017) The biographical consequences of protest and activism: A systematic review and a new typology. Soc. Movement Stud. 16(2):203–221.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Warren D (2003) Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 28(4):622–632.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weber K, Waeger D (2017) Organizations as polities: An open systems perspective. Acad. Management Ann. 11(2):886–918.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weber Shandwick (2019) Employee activism in the age of purpose: Employees (up)rising. Accessed July 2021, https://www.webershandwick.com/news/employee-activism-age-of-purpose/.Google Scholar
• Weir DR, Jackson JS, Sonnega A (2009) National Football League Player Care Foundation: Study of Retired NFL Players (University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI).Google Scholar
• Whalen J, Flacks R (1989) Beyond the Barricades: The Sixties Generation Grows Up (Temple University Press, Philadelphia).Google Scholar
• Williams JC (2000) Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (Oxford University Press, New York).Google Scholar
• Williams JC, Blair-Loy M, Berdahl J (2013) Cultural schemas, social class, and the flexibility stigma. J. Soc. Issues 69(2):209–234.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Williams MS, Myers AK, Finuf KD, Patel VH, Marrast LM, Pekmezaris R, Martinez J (2022) Black physicians’ experiences with anti-Black racism in healthcare systems explored through an attraction-selection-attrition lens. J. Bus. Psych. 38(1):75–88.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wiltfang GL, McAdam D (1991) The costs and risks of social activism: A study of sanctuary movement activism. Soc. Forces 69(4):987–1010.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wong JC (2019) Google fires employee who protested company’s work with US border patrol. The Guardian. Accessed July 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/25/google-firing-protest-rebecca-rivers.Google Scholar
• Zald MN, Berger MA (1978) Social movements in organizations: Coup d’etat, insurgency, and mass movements. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 83(4):823–861.Crossref, Google Scholar