Striking Out Swinging: Specialist Success Following Forced Task Inferiority

References

• Albanesi S, Kim J (2021) Effects of the COVID-19 recession on the US labor market: Occupation, family, and gender. J. Econom. Perspect. 35(3):3–24.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Apstein S (2019) The perilous life of rookies in the big leagues. Sports Illustrated (June 6), https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/06/06/boston-red-sox-rookies-michael-chavis.Google Scholar
• Apter MJ (2001) Motivational Styles in Everyday Life: A Guide to Reversal Theory (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Arkin RM (1981) Self-presentation styles. Tedeschi JT, ed. Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research (Academic Press, New York), 311–333.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baccellieri E (2020) MLB’s mental skills coaches help players embrace the unknown. Sports Illustrated (June 4), https://www.si.com/mlb/2020/06/04/baseball-mental-skills-coaches-quarantine.Google Scholar
• Bailey C (1989) Forgetting and the learning curve: A laboratory study. Management Sci. 35(3):340–352.Link, Google Scholar
• Bamber JH (1974) The fears of adolescents. J. Genetic Psych. 125(2):127–140.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bandura A, Locke EA (2003) Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. J. Appl. Psych. 88(1):87–99.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF (1984) Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 46(3):610–620.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beilock S (2008) Math performance in stressful situations. Current Directions Psych. Sci. 17(5):339–343.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Beilock S, Carr TH (2005) When high-powered people fail: Working memory and “choking under pressure” in math. Psych. Sci. 16(2):101–105.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bennis W, O’Toole J (2005) How business schools lost their way. Harvard Bus. Rev. 83(5):96–104.Google Scholar
• Bidwell M (2009) Do peripheral workers do peripheral work? Comparing the use of highly skilled contractors and regular employees. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 62(2):200–225.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Blinder A, Miller S (2021) Batting ninth for one more weekend: The pitcher. New York Times (October 29), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/sports/baseball/pitchers-hitting.html.Google Scholar
• Bond BM (2023) Cut to the curve: Top talent loss from forced distribution. Working paper, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
• Breuer J, Elson M (2017) Frustration–aggression theory. Sturmey P, ed. The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression (Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, UK), 1–12.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brooks AW (2014) Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. J. Experiment. Psych. General 143(3):1144–1158.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Byrne J (2019) It’s official: The M.B.A. degree is in crisis. Forbes (August 20), https://www.forbes.com/sites/poetsandquants/2019/08/20/its-official-the-mba-degree-is-in-crisis/?sh=4b34379d52df.Google Scholar
• Campion MA, McClelland CL (1993) Follow-up and extension of the interdisciplinary costs and benefits of enlarged jobs. J. Appl. Psych. 78(3):339–351.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carver CS, Scheier MF (2017) Optimism, coping, and well-being. Cooper C, Quick JC, eds. The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK), 400–414.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Charmaz K (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (Sage Publications Ltd., London).Google Scholar
• Cheshin A, Heerdink MW, Kossakowski JJ, Van Kleef GA (2016) Pitching emotions: The interpersonal effects of emotions in professional baseball. Frontiers Psych. 7:1–13.Google Scholar
• Ching K, Forti E, Rawley E (2021) Extemporaneous coordination in specialist teams: The familiarity complementarity. Organ. Sci. 32(1):1–17.Link, Google Scholar
• Cohen L (2013) Assembling jobs: A model of how tasks are bundled into and across jobs. Organ. Sci. 24(2):432–454.Link, Google Scholar
• Cohen L (2016) Jobs as Gordian knots: A new perspective linking individuals, tasks, organizations and institutions. Cohen L, Burton MD, Lounsbury M, eds. The Structuring of Work in Organizations (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK), 25–59.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cortes GM, Forsythe E (2022) Heterogeneous labor market impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 76(1):30–55.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cropanzano R, James K, Konovsky MA (1993) Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance. J. Organ. Behav. 14(6):595–606.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi M, LeFevre J (1989) Optimal experience in work and leisure. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 56(5):815–822.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cummings JN, Haas MR (2012) So many teams, so little time: Time allocation matters in geographically dispersed teams. J. Organ. Behav. 33(3):316–341.Crossref, Google Scholar
• D.R. (2016) Is it ever a good idea to let a hurler hit? The Economist (June 30), https://www.economist.com/blogs/gametheory/2016/06/pitchers-plate-baseball.Google Scholar
• Dai H, Dietvorst B, Tuckfield B, Milkman K, Schweitzer M (2018) Quitting when the going gets tough: A downside of high performance expectations. Acad. Management J. 61(5):1667–1691.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dane E (2010) Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Acad. Management Rev. 35(4):579–603.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Day D, Gordon S, Fink C (2012) The sporting life: Exploring organizations through the lens of sport. Acad. Management Ann. 6(1):397–433.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Deichmann D, van den Ende J (2014) Rising from failure and learning from success: The role of past experience in radical initiative taking. Organ. Sci. 25(3):670–690.Link, Google Scholar
• Diamond J (2018) Major league baseball is moving closer to a universal designated hitter. Wall Street Journal (July 18), https://www.wsj.com/articles/major-league-baseball-is-moving-closer-to-a-universal-designated-hitter-1531914518.Google Scholar
• DiBenigno J, Kellogg K (2014) Beyond occupational differences: The importance of cross-cutting demographics and dyadic toolkits for collaboration in a US hospital. Admin. Sci. Quart. 59(3):375–408.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Diener CI, Dweck CS (1978) An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 36(5):451–462.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dollard J, Miller NE, Doob LW, Mowrer OH, Sears RR (1939) Frustration and Aggression (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Duckworth A, Peterson C, Matthews M, Kelly D (2007) Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 92(6):1087–1101.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Edwards JR, Rothbard NP (2000) Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Acad. Management Rev. 25(1):178–199.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Elfenbein DW, Hamilton BH, Zenger TR (2010) The small firm effect and the entrepreneurial spawning of scientists and engineers. Management Sci. 56(4):659–681.Link, Google Scholar
• Epstein D (2021) Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World (Penguin, New York).Google Scholar
• Fahrenkopf E, Guo J, Argote L (2020) Personnel mobility and organizational performance: The effects of specialist vs. generalist experience and organizational work structure. Organ. Sci. 31(6):1601–1620.Link, Google Scholar
• Faraj S, Sproull L (2000) Coordinating expertise in software development teams. Management Sci. 46(12):1554–1568.Link, Google Scholar
• Fisher C (1993) Boredom at work: A neglected concept. Human Relations 46(3):395–417.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flueckiger GE (1976) Specialization: Learning by doing and the optimal amount of learning. Econom. Inquiry 14(3):389–409.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Flynn FJ, Amanatullah ET (2012) Psyched up or psyched out? The influence of coactor status on individual performance. Organ. Sci. 23(2):402–415.Link, Google Scholar
• Friesen AP, Lane AM, Devonport TJ, Sellars CN, Stanley DN, Beedie CJ (2013) Emotion in sport: Considering interpersonal regulation strategies. Internat. Rev. Sport Exercise Psych. 6(1):139–154.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gagné M, Deci EL (2005) Self‐determination theory and work motivation. J. Organ. Behav. 26(4):331–362.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Geen R (1968) Effects of frustration, attack, and prior training in aggressiveness upon aggressive behavior. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 9(4):316–321.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Glaser B, Strauss A (1971) Status Passage (Aldine, Chicago).Google Scholar
• Graham BA (2021) MLB’s war on the joy of watching pitchers bat is almost complete. The Guardian (March 31), https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/31/pitchers-hitting-universal-designated-hitter-major-league-baseball.Google Scholar
• Grandey AA (2015) Smiling for a wage: What emotional labor teaches us about emotion regulation. Psych. Inquiry 26(1):54–60.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grange P, Kerr J (2010) Physical aggression in Australian football: A qualitative study of elite athletes. Psych. Sport Exercise 11(1):36–43.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Fried Y, Parker SK, Frese M (2010) Putting job design in context: Introduction to the special issue. J. Organ. Behav. 31(2‐3):145–157.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Green B, Zwiebel J (2017) The hot-hand fallacy: Cognitive mistakes or equilibrium adjustments? Evidence from Major League baseball. Management Sci. 64(11):5315–5348.Link, Google Scholar
• Grimm J (2008) Frustration Aggression Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication (Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA).Google Scholar
• Guadagnoli MA, Lee TD (2004) Challenge point: A framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. J. Motor Behav. 36(2):212–224.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hackman J, Oldham G (1980) Work Redesign (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).Google Scholar
• Hahl O (2016) Turning back the clock in baseball: The increased prominence of extrinsic rewards and demand for authenticity. Organ. Sci. 27(4):929–953.Link, Google Scholar
• Hanin L (2007) Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. Tenenbaum G, Eklund RC, eds. Handbook of Sport Psychology (Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK), 22–41.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hernandez SM (2015) A better understanding of bullying and hazing in the military. Military Law Rev. 223:415–439.Google Scholar
• Hoegl M, Weinkauf K, Gemuenden HG (2004) Interteam coordination, project commitment, and teamwork in multiteam R&D projects: A longitudinal study. Organ. Sci. 15(1):38–55.Link, Google Scholar
• Iacus SM, King G, Porro G (2012) Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching. Political Anal. 20(1):1–24.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ibarra H, Petriglieri J (2017) Impossible selves: Image strategies and identity threat in professional women’s career transitions. Storberg-Walker J, Haber-Curran P, eds. Theorizing Women and Leadership: New Insights and Contribution from Multiple Perspectives (Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC), 2–19.Google Scholar
• Ichniowski C, Shaw K (1999) The effects of human resource management systems on economic performance: An international comparison of US and Japanese plants. Management Sci. 45(5):704–721.Link, Google Scholar
• Johns M, Inzlicht M, Schmader T (2008) Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining the influence of emotion regulation. J. Experiment. Psych. General 137(4):691–705.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Jones BF (2021) The rise of research teams: Benefits and costs in economics. J. Econom. Perspect. 35(2):191–216.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kang SH, Kim J (2022) The fragility of experts: A moderated-mediation model of expertise, expert identity threat, and overprecision. Acad. Management J. 65(2):577–605.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kanter RM (1968) Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 33(4):499–517.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kerr J (2005) Rethinking Aggression and Violence in Sport (Routledge, London).Google Scholar
• Kim J, King B (2014) Seeing stars: Matthew effects and status bias in major league baseball umpiring. Management Sci. 60(11):2619–2644.Link, Google Scholar
• Kross E, Bruehlman-Senecal E, Park J, Burson A, Dougherty A, Shablack H, Bremner R, Moser J, Ayduk O (2014) Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 106(2):304–324.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lazear E (2005) Entrepreneurship. J. Labor Econom. 23(4):649–680.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leroy S (2009) Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 109(2):168–181.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Levin I, Stokes JP (1989) Dispositional approach to job satisfaction: Role of negative affectivity. J. Appl. Psych. 74(5):752–758.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maier N (1949) Frustration, the Study of Behavior Without a Goal (McGraw-Hill, New York).Google Scholar
• Malone T, Laubacher R, Johns T (2011) The age of hyperspecialization. Harvard Bus. Rev. 89(7/8):56–65.Google Scholar
• Malone T, Crowston K, Lee J, Pentland B, Dellarocas C, Wyner G, Quimby J, et al. (1999) Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes. Management Sci. 45(3):425–443.Link, Google Scholar
• Mannucci PV, Yong K (2018) The differential impact of knowledge depth and knowledge breadth on creativity over individual careers. Acad. Management J. 61(5):1741–1763.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marks SR (1977) Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time, and commitment. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 42(6):921–936.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maroon A (2019) Embracing inefficiency: When we like pitchers hitting. The Hardball Times (February 25), https://tht.fangraphs.com/embracing-inefficiency-when-we-like-pitchers-hitting/.Google Scholar
• Martens R, Landers DM (1972) Evaluation potential as a determinant of coaction effects. J. Experiment. Soc. Psych. 8(4):347–359.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Meiran N (2000) Reconfiguration of stimulus task sets and response task sets during task switching. Monsell S, Driver J, eds. Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), 377–400.Google Scholar
• Mishler E (1991) Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Crossref, Google Scholar
• Mitchell MS, Greenbaum RL, Vogel RM, Mawritz MB, Keating DJ (2019) Can you handle the pressure? The effect of performance pressure on stress appraisals, self-regulation, and behavior. Acad. Management J. 62(2):531–552.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Morgeson FP, Campion MA (2002) Minimizing tradeoffs when redesigning work: Evidence from a longitudinal quasi-experiment. Personnel Psych. 55(3):589–612.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Morlan G (1949) A note on the frustration-aggression theories of Dollard and his associates. Psych. Rev. 56(1):1–8.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nurmohamed S (2020) The underdog effect: When low expectations increase performance. Acad. Management J. 63(4):1106–1133.Crossref, Google Scholar
• O’Leary MB, Mortensen M, Woolley AW (2011) Multiple team membership: A theoretical model of its effects on productivity and learning for individuals and teams. Acad. Management Rev. 36(3):461–478.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paulus PB, Cornelius WL (1974) An analysis of gymnastic performance under conditions of practice and spectator observation. Res. Quart. Amer. Alliance Health Physical Ed. Recreation 45(1):56–63.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Paulus PB, Shannon JC, Wilson DL, Boone TD (1972) The effect of spectator presence on gymnastic performance in a field situation. Psychonomic Sci. 29(2):88–90.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Peeters TL, Salaga S, Juravich M (2020) Matching and winning? The impact of upper and middle managers on firm performance in Major League Baseball. Management Sci. 66(6):2735–2751.Link, Google Scholar
• Perlow L (2012) Sleeping with Your Smartphone: How to Break the 24/7 Habit and Change the Way You Work (Harvard Business Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Phillips CJ (2019) Scouting and Scoring: How We Know What We Know About Baseball (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
• Pink DH (2011) Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (Penguin, New York).Google Scholar
• Podsakoff N, LePine J, LePine M (2007) Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psych. 92(2):438–454.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ramirez G, Beilock SL (2011) Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science 331(6014):211–213.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Ranganathan A (2023) When the tasks line up: How the nature of supplementary tasks affects worker productivity. Indust. Labor Relations Rev. 76(3):556–585.Google Scholar
• Reagans R, Argote L, Brooks D (2005) Individual experience and experience working together: Predicting learning rates from knowing who knows what and knowing how to work together. Management Sci. 51(6):869–881.Link, Google Scholar
• Reagans R, Miron-Spektor E, Argote L (2016) Knowledge utilization, coordination, and team performance. Organ. Sci. 27(5):1108–1124.Link, Google Scholar
• Reber AS (1989) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. J. Experiment. Psych. General 118(3):219–235.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Retrosheet (2018) Play-by-play data files (event files). Accessed June 1, 2017, https://www.retrosheet.org/game.htm.Google Scholar
• Rheinhardt A, Poskanzer E, Briscoe F (2023) The Career consequences of employee activism: Evidence from the NFL “take a knee” protest movement. Organ. Sci. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
• Rider CI, Wade J, Swaminathan A, Schwab A (2016) Racial disparity in leadership: Performance-reward bias in promotions of national football league coaches. Georgetown McDonough School of Business Research Paper No. 2710398, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
• Robazza C, Bortoli L (2007) Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players. Psych. Sport Exercise 8(6):875–896.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rothbard NP (2001) Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Admin. Sci. Quart. 46(4):655–684.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Seitz F (2000) Decline of the generalist. Nature 403(6769):483.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shellenbarger S (2018) What you can learn from MLB’s mental-skills coaches. Wall Street Journal (June 11), https://www.wsj.com/articles/trouble-at-the-office-baseball-can-help-1528724159.Google Scholar
• Shin J, Grant AM (2019) Bored by interest: How intrinsic motivation in one task can reduce performance on other tasks. Acad. Management J. 62(2):415–436.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Singley MK, Anderson JR (1989) The Transfer of Cognitive Skill (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
• Slowinski S (2010) Converting runs to wins. FanGraphs Baseball. Accessed February 1, 2019, https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/converting-runs-to-wins/.Google Scholar
• Smith RE, Christensen DS (1995) Psychological skills as predictors of performance and survival in professional baseball. J. Sport Exercise Psych. 17(4):399–415.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Stuart HC (2017) Structural disruption, relational experimentation, and performance in professional hockey teams: A network perspective on member change. Organ. Sci. 28(2):283–300.Link, Google Scholar
• Stuart HC, Moore C (2017) Shady characters: The implications of illicit organizational roles for resilient team performance. Acad. Management J. 60(5):1963–1985.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Summers JK, Humphrey SE, Ferris GR (2012) Team member change, flux in coordination, and performance: Effects of strategic core roles, information transfer, and cognitive ability. Acad. Management J. 55(2):314–338.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sundstrom E, De Meuse KP, Futrell D (1990) Work teams. Amer. Psych. 45(2):120–133.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tango TM (2006) Pitching around batters. The Hardball Times. Accessed May 1, 2020, https://tht.fangraphs.com/pitching-around-batters/.Google Scholar
• Teodoridis F (2018) Understanding team knowledge production: The interrelated roles of technology and expertise. Management Sci. 64(8):3625–3648.Link, Google Scholar
• Teodoridis F, Bikard M, Vakili K (2019) Creativity at the knowledge frontier: The impact of specialization in fast-and slow-paced domains. Admin. Sci. Quart. 64(4):894–927.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Totterdell P (1999) Mood scores: Mood and performance in professional cricketers. British J. Psych. 90(3):317–332.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Totterdell P (2000) Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. J. Appl. Psych. 85(6):848–859.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tucker A, Nembhard I, Edmondson A (2007) Implementing new practices: An empirical study of organizational learning in hospital intensive care units. Management Sci. 53(6):894–907.Link, Google Scholar
• Valentine MA, Edmondson AC (2014) Team scaffolds: How mesolevel structures enable role-based coordination in temporary groups. Organ. Sci. 26(2):405–422.Link, Google Scholar
• Vancouver JB, Kendall LN (2006) When self-efficacy negatively relates to motivation and performance in a learning context. J. Appl. Psych. 91(5):1146–1153.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wageman R, Gardner H, Mortensen M (2012) The changing ecology of teams: New directions for teams research. J. Organ. Behav. 33(3):15–25.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Watson D, Slack AK (1993) General factors of affective temperament and their relation to job satisfaction over time. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 54(2):181–202.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weinberg N (2014) RE24. FanGraphs Baseball. Accessed December, 1, 2019, https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/re24/.Google Scholar
• Weiss HM, Cropanzano R (1996) Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Staw BM, Cummings LL, eds. Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), 1–74.Google Scholar
• Wrzesniewski A, Dutton J (2001) Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad. Management Rev. 26(2):179–201.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zajonc RB (1965) Social facilitation: A solution is suggested for an old unresolved social psychological problem. Science 149(3681):269–274.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang L (2017) A fair game? Racial bias and repeated interaction between NBA coaches and players. Admin. Sci. Quart. 62(4):603–625.Crossref, Google Scholar
• Zhang L (2019) Who loses when a team wins? Better performance increases racial bias. Organ. Sci. 30(1):40–50.Link, Google Scholar
• Zitek EM, Jordan AH (2011) Technical fouls predict performance outcomes in the NBA. Athletic Insight 3(1):29–39.Google Scholar